Pāṇini 2.1.56

upameyam upamitaṃ , tadvāci subantaṃ vyāghrā'dibhiḥ sāmarthyādupamānavacanaiḥ saha sāmasyate, tatpuruṣaśca samāso bhavati, na cet sāmānyavācī śabdaḥ prayujyate. viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam 2-1-57 iti paranipāte prāpte viśeṣyasya pūrvanipātārtha ārambhaḥ. puruṣo 'yaṃ vyāghra iva puruṣavyāghraḥ. puruṣasiṃhaḥ. sāmānyāprayoge iti im? puruṣo 'yaṃ vyāghra iva śūraḥ. vyāghra. siṃha. ṛkṣa. ṛṣabha. candana. vṛkṣa. varāha. vṛṣa. hastin. kuñjara. ruru. pṛṣata. puṇḍarīka. balāhaka. akṛtiganaśca ayam, tena idam api bhavati mukhapadmam, mukhakamalam, karakisalayam, pārthivacandraḥ ityevam ādi.

viśesanaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam 2.1.57 bhedakaṃ viśeṣaṇaṃ, bhedyaṃ viśeṣyam. viśeṣaṇavāci subantaṃ viśeṣyavācinā samānādhikaraṇena subantena saha bahulaṃ samasyate, tatpuruṣaśca samāso bhavati. nīlotpalam. raktotpalam. bahulavacanam vyavasthārtham. kvacin nityasamāsa eva, kṛṣṇasarpaḥ, lohitaśāliḥ. kvacin na bhavatyeva, rāmo jāmadagnyaḥ, arjunaḥ kārtavīryaḥ. kvacid vikalpaḥ, nīlam utpalam, nīlotpalam. viśeṣaṇam iti kim? takṣakaḥ sarpaḥ. viśeṣyeṇa iti kim? lohitastakṣakaḥ.

viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam. , 2.1.56 "bhedakaṃ viśeṣaṇam" iti. "{śiṣlṛ viśaraṇe iti mudrita); śiṣlṛ śeṣaṇe, vipūrvaḥ-- padamaṃjarī} śiṣlṛ viśeṣaṇe" (dhā.pā.1451) ityasmāddhātorvipūrvāt karaṇe lyuṭ. viśiṣyate'neneti viśeṣaṇam. tasyedaṃ lakṣaṇam-- bhademiti. yat sāmānyākāreṇa pravṛttamanekaprakāravadvastu prakārāntarebhyo vyavacchidyaikatra prakāre vyavasthāpayati, tad bhedakaṃ viśeṣaṇamiti. "bhedyaṃ viśeṣaṇam" iti. viśeṣaṇīyaṃ viśeṣyam. vipūrvāt tasmāddhātoḥ "ṛhaloṇryat" 3.1.124 iti karmaṇi ṇyat. tasyedaṃ lakṣaṇam, bhedyamiti. yadanekaprakāravadvastu prakārāntarebhyo vyavacchidyaikatra prakāre vyavasthāpyate tadbhedyaṃ viśeṣyamiti. atha kimarthaṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyayorubhayorupādānaṃ kriyate? na; anyatarasyaiva kriyeta, sambandhiśabdatvāddhi tayoranyataropādānenaivetarasyāpyavagatirbhavatyeva? satyametat; yatra pūrvottarapade pratyekaṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhūte bhavatastraiva samāso bhavatīti jñāpānārthamubhayorupādānam, yathā-- nīlotpalamiti. atra nīlārtho bhramarādibhyo vyāvatryotpalārthenotpale vyavasthāpyate. utpalārtho'pi raktotpalādibhyo vyāvatrya nīlārthena nīle vyavasthāpyata ityasti pratyekaṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaḥ. sa yatra nāsati tatra tu na samāsaḥ yathā-- vṛkṣaḥ śiṃśapeti. vṛkṣo hi śiṃśapātvaṃ vyabhicarati, śiṃśapā tu na vṛkṣatvam. atastatprakārāntarebhyaḥ palāśādibhyastaṃ vyavacchinattīti śiṃśapā tasya viśeṣaṇaṃ bhavati, na tu viśeṣyam. vṛkṣastu viśeṣyaḥ śiṃśapārthastu vṛkṣatvaṃ na vyabhicaratīti na tasyāsau viśeṣaṇaṃ bhavati. atha kiṃ na bhavitavyameva śiṃśapāvṛkṣaḥ, āmravṛkṣa iti? viśeṣaṇasamāsena bhavitavyam, yadā śiṃśapādiśabdānāṃ viśeṣe vṛttirnāvadhāryate. tathā hi-- śiṃśapādiśabdāḥ phalasya vṛkṣasya mūlasya ca vācakāḥ sāmānyaśabda iti tadarthānāṃ vṛkṣatvavyabhicārādadviśeṣyabhāvaḥ, vṛkṣaśca viśeṣaṇaṃ bhavati. yadā tu kutaścit prakaraṇādarthādvā vṛkṣādyarthā evāvasitavṛttayo bhavanti tadā na bhavitavyam. nanu ca vṛkṣārthāvasitavṛttitvād()vṛkṣaśabdasya tadā prayoga eva nopapadyate, uktārthatvāt, "uktārthānāmaprayogaḥ" (vyā.pa.60) iti vacanāt. tataśca samāsasyāprasaṅga eva. ta()tka tannivṛttyarthenobhayagrahaṇena? naitadevam; kvaciduktārthānāmapi loke prayogo dṛśyate, yathā-- apūpau dvāvānayeti. yadi tarhi yatrobhayoḥ pratyekaṃ viśeṣamaviśeṣyabhāvastatra samāsena bhavitavyam, evaṃ sati pratyekamupasarjanatvaṃ syāt, ubhayorapi viśeṣaṇatvāt, viśeṣaṇasyeha sūtre prathamānirdiṣṭatvāt, tataścotpalanīlaramityapi syāt, nīlotpalamiti tu sarvadaiveṣyate? naiṣa doṣaḥ; yasmādekataraṃ pradhānam, itaradapradhānam. dvayoḥ prādhānye parasparānupakāritvādasambandhayorekatra prayogo na syāt. aprādhānye'pi dvayoḥ pradhānāpekṣāvatornāsti parasparopakāritvamiti na syādevaikatra prayogaḥ. tasmādekatra pradhānam, aparaṃ tvapradhānam. yaccāpradhānaṃ tedavopasarjanasaṃjñāṃ bhavati, netarat; anvarthatvādupasarjanasaṃjñāyāḥ-- upa = samīpe viśeṣye svārtha sṛjati = kṣipatīti. nīlaśabdaścāpradhānam, tadarthasya guṇasyāprādhānyāt; utpalaśabdastu pradhānam, tadarthasya dravyasya prādhānyāt. tasmānnīlaśabda evopasarjanam, notpalaśabda iti na bhavati pūrvoktadoṣāvasaraprasaṅgaḥ. yatrobhāvapi tatra paryāyeṇopasarjanabhāvaḥ, yathā-- kubjakhañja, khañjakubja iti. atha kuto'tra dravyasya prādhānyamavasitam? ucyate;yathā-- ()otaṃ chāgamālabhetetyasyāṃ deśanāyāṃ deśanāyāṃ ()otaguṇasyābhāve'nyavarṇasyāpi cchāgasyālambhanācchāgābāve ()otaguṇasyānyadravyasyānālambhanācca. na hi cchāgābhāve piṣṭakapiṇḍīlamālabhya yājñikaḥ kṛtī bhavati. yadi ca pradhānaṃ guṇaḥ syāttadā yathā chāgābhāve piṣṭakapiṇḍī nālabhyate, tathā ()otaguṇābhāve'nyaguṇo'pi cchāgo nālabhyate. na ca sa nālabhyate, tasmāt dravyameva pradhānam, na guṇa iti. nanu cotpalaśabdo'pi naiva dravyaśabdo'yamiti vyavasthāpyate. evaṃ nīlaśabde'pyatiprasaṅgaḥ, prabhṛtyā vināśāt svādhāraṃ dravyaṃ naiva jahāti. ato dravyātmabhūtatvājjātestannimittakaḥ śabdo dravyasyotpatte. guṇāḥ punarapāyino'napāyino vā satyetasmin dravye vatrtante nivatrtante ca. tasmānnaite dravyātmabhūtā iti na tannimittaśabdo dravyaśabdo vyavasthāpyata ityalamatiprasaṅgena. "takṣakaḥ sarpaḥ" iti. nanu ca takṣakaḥ sarpasya viśeṣaṇaṃ bhavatyeva, tathā hi-- sarpa tyukte sarpasāmānyaṃ pratīyate, na sarpaviśeṣaḥ. takṣaka- sarpa ityukte sarpaviśeṣo'takṣakādvyāvṛtto'vasīyate, tadayuktaṃ pratyudāharaṇametat; naitadasti;uktaṃ hretat- yatraikaisyobhayatra bhāvastatra samāsa iti. na tu kadācit sarpārthasya takṣako viśeṣyo bhavati. kathaṃ na bhavati? takṣakasya sarpatvāvyabhicārāt. nanu ca takṣakaśabdasyānekaprakāratvena prakārāntaranivṛttaye yujyata eva sarpasya takṣako'pi viśeṣyaḥ? naitadasti; na nāmadheyasya kriyāśabdena tulyamarthābhidhānasāmathryam. avayavārthānusāreṇa hi kriyāśabdo'rthaṃ bodhayati, samudāyarūpeṇa tu nāmadheyam. "avayavaprasiddheḥ samudāyaprasiddhirbalīyasī" (vyā.pa.108) iti tasyāṃ satyāṃ kriyāśabdārthaviṣayāpekṣā nopajāyata eva. "lohitastakṣakaḥ" iti. bhavati lohito viśeṣaṇam, na tu takṣako viśeṣyam. tasya lohitatvāvyabhicārāt. yadi tarhi takṣako na viśeṣyaḥ, lohito'pi viśeṣaṇaṃ na syāt; viśeṣaṇasya viśeṣyāpekṣatvāt. na ca śakyaṃ takṣakādyarthāntaraṃ paṭādikaṃ viśeṣyaṃ tadapekṣayā lohitasya viśeṣaṇatvaṃ parikalpayitum. evaṃ hi lohitādyadarthāntaraṃ ta#īvraviṣādikaṃ viśeṣaṇaṃ tadapekṣaṃ takṣakasyāpi viśeṣyatvaṃ prasajyeta. tasmādvispaṣṭārthamubhayogrrahaṇamityapare॥

viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam 947, 2.1.56 bhedakaṃ bhedyena samānādhikaraṇena bahulaṃ prāgvat. nīlamutpalaṃ nīlotpalam. bahulagrahaṇātkvacinnityam - kṛṣṇasarpaḥ. kvacinna - rāmo jāmadagnyaḥ॥

upamitam. prāgvaditi. samānādhikaraṇaiḥ samasyate sa tatpuruṣa ityarthaḥ. atropamitasya nityamupamānākāṅkṣatvādupamānabhūtavyāghrādibhirityarthasiddham. nanu viśeṣaṇasamāsenaiva siddhe kimarthamidaṃ sūtramityata āha-viśeṣyasyeti. upamānopameyasamabhivyāhāre upamānasyaiva viśeṣaṇatvātpūrvanipāte prāpte viśeṣyasya pūrvanipātanārthamidamityarthaḥ. puruṣavyāghra iti. puruṣo vyāghra iveti vigrahaḥ. atra sādṛśyopapādakaḥ śauryātmakaḥ sādhāraṇadharmaḥ, sa iha nopātta iti bhavati samāsaḥ. puruṣovyāghra iva śūra iti. śauryeṇa vyāghrasadṛśa iti yāvat. atra śauryasyopamānopameyasādhāraṇadharmasya prayogānna samāsa iti bhāvaḥ. `bhāṣyābdhiḥ kvātigambhīraḥ' iti kaiyaṭaprayogastu mayūravyaṃsakāditvātsamādheyaḥ. bāṣyamevābdhiriti rūpakaṃ vā. na ca puruṣaśabdasya śūraśabdasāpekṣatvādasāmathryādevātra samāsasya na pravṛttiḥ, ataḥ `sāmānyā'prayoge' iti vyarthamiti vācyaṃ, samasyamāneṣvapradhānasyaiva hi sāpekṣatvaṃ sāmathryavighātakaṃ na tu pradhānasya. tathācā'tra puruṣasya pradhānatayā tasya śūrāpekṣatve'pi astyeva sāmathryamiti samāsapravṛtteḥ, tannivṛttyarthaṃ sāmānyā'prayoga iti vacanam. idameva `pradhānasya sāpekṣatve'pi na sāmathryavighātakatva'miti jñāpayati. tena `rājapuruṣaḥ sundara' ityādau samāsaḥ siddho bhavatīti bhāṣye spaṣṭam.

viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam 726, 2.1.56 viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa. viśiṣyate aneneti viśeṣaṇam, itarasmādvyāvartakam. vyāvarttyaṃ tu viśeṣyaṃ bhinnatvena jñāyamānam. samānādhikaraṇenetyadhikṛtam. tadāha--bhedakamiti prāgvaditi. samasyate sa tatpuruṣa ityarthaḥ. nīlotpalamiti. nīlapadaṃ tāvadutpalamanīlādutpalādvyāvartayatīti viśeṣaṇasamarpakam. tasya utpalapadena viśeṣya samarpakeṇa samāsaḥ. pratamānirdiṣṭatvādviśeṣaṇasyapūrvanipāta iti bhāvaḥ. naca utpalapadamanutpalānnīlaṃ vyāvartayatītyutpalapadasyāpi viśeṣaṇatvaṃ syāditi vācyaṃ, jātiśabdo guṇakriyāśabdasamabhivyāhāre viśeṣyasamarpaka eva, na tu viśeṣaṇa samarpakaḥ, svabhāvāt. yathā-"nīlotpalaṃ" "pācakabrāāhṛṇa" iti. guṇaśabdayoḥ samabhivyāhāre viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvasya na niyamaḥ. yathā-khañjakubjaḥ kubjakhañja iti. kriyāśabdayorapyaniyamaḥ. yathā-"khañjapācakaḥ" "pācakakhañja" iti -itibhāṣye spaṣṭam. tathā "kailāsādriḥ" "mandarādriḥ" "ayodhyānagarī"tyādau saṃjñāśabdā api viśeṣaṇasamarpakā eva, svabhāvāt. sāmānyajāti-viśeṣajātiśabdayoḥ samabhivyāhāre tu viśeṣajātireva viśeṣaṇam. "śiṃśapāvṛkṣa" ityādi jñeyam. nanu vāgrahaṇena siddhe bahulagrahaṇaṃ kimarthamityata āha--bahulagrahaṇāditi.

upamitam. upameyamupamitam. bhūtakālo'tra na vivakṣitaḥ. tacca saṃbandhiśabdādupamānamākṣipati. tathā copamānabhūtaivryāghrādibhirityarthaḥ. puruṣo vyāghrā iva śūra iti. tatra hi śūrasāpekṣasyāpi puruṣasya pradhānatvāt `rājapuraṣaḥ sundaraḥ'itivadatrāpi samāsaḥ syātsa mā bhūditi `sāmānyā'prayoge'ityuktamiti bhāvaḥ. kathaṃ tarhi `bhāṣyābdhiḥ kvātigambhīraḥ' iti kaiyaṭaḥ, sāmānyaprayodasattvenā'syā'prāpteḥ. atra kecit–pramāda evāyamityāhuḥ. iha gambhīryeṇa sādṛśyaṃ na vivakṣitaṃ, kiṃtu vitataduravagāhatvādinā. tasya hi vitatatvāderaprayogo'styeveti nirbādhaḥ samāsa iti manoramāyāṃ sthitam.

viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyeṇa bahulam 645, 2.1.56 viśeṣaṇam. viśiṣyate yena tadviśeṣaṇaṃ. kartuḥ karaṇatvavivakṣāyāṃ lyuṭ. tadāha--bhedakamiti. vyāvartakamityarthaḥ. viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyayoḥ sa saṃbandhikatayā'nyataropādānamātreṇetarākṣepasaṃbhave ubhayorupādānāṃ spaṣṭarthamiti kaiyaṭaḥ. etacca "kutsitāni kutsanai"rityatrāpi tulyam. haradattastvāha--"samasyamānapadadvayajanyabodhaprakārakayoviśeṣaṇaviśeṣyadharmayoryatra parasparavyabhicārastatraiva samāso bhavati, na tu "takṣakaḥ sarpaḥ" ityādau. na hi takṣakatvaṃ sarpatvaṃ vyabhicaratī"ti. tanmadam. "kailāsādriḥ, "mandarādriḥ","bhāvapadārthaḥ""tarkavidyā,""vyākaraṇaśāstraṃ","bhojarājaḥ", ityādiprayogāṇāmasāṅgatyāpatteḥ. nanu viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāve kāmacārātpācakapāṭhakādāviva nīlotpalādāvapyavyayasthitaḥ pūrvanipātaḥ syāditi cedatrāhuḥ--jātiśabdasya guṇakriyāśabdayorguṇakriyāśabdayoścā'niyama eva. tena"nīlotpalaṃ" "pācakabrāāhṛṇa" iti vyavasthita eva prayogaḥ. guṇaśabdayoḥ kriyāśabdayorguṇakriyāśabdayoścā'niyama eva. khañjakubjaḥ, kubjakhañjaḥ. pācakapāṭhakaḥ, pāṭhakapācakāḥ. khañjapācakaḥ, pācakakhañja iti. atra mūlamupasarjanamiti mahāsaṃjñā. apradhānāṃ hrupasarjanam. guṇakriyayośca dravyaṃ pratyaprādhānyaṃ spaṣṭameveti.aparasyārdha iti. etacca "paścā"diti sūtre bhāṣye sthitam. bahulagrahaṇāditi. ekeṣu mukhyeṣu vīrayate parākramate iti vā bodhyam.