pade kam. a hawk, falcon alpade śavṛttitva see vyā - - vṛtta - , parasmE-pada 1039 anapade śa m. an invalid argument. antaḥpade ind. in the middle of an inflected word anūpade śa m. a marshy country. anupade ṣṭavya mfn. not to be commended, anupade ṣṭṛ m. one who does not teach. anyāpade śa m. (= anyo - kti - ), apade śa m. assigning, pointing out apade śa m. pretence, feint, pretext, disguise, contrivance apade śa m. the second step in a syllogism (id est statement of the reason) apade śa m. a butt or mark apade śa m. place, quarter apade śin mfn. assuming the appearance or semblance of apade śin mfn. pretending, feigning apade śya mfn. to be indicated, to be stated āpade va m. (fr. 2. ap - ), Name of the god of water (varuṇa - ) āpade va m. Name of an author apade vatā f. an evil demon. āpade vī f. Name of a book written by the above (the mīmāṃsānyāya -prakāśa - ). āptopade śa m. a credible or trusty instruction aupade śika mf(ī - )n. living by teaching gaRa vetanā di - ) aupade śika mf(ī - )n. depending on or resulting from a special rule commentator or commentary on and aupade śika mf(ī - )n. (in grammar ) denoting or relating to an originally enunciated grammatical form (See upadeśa - ) aupade śikatva n. the state of resulting from a special rule commentator or commentary on avyapade śa m. no designation or pointing to avyapade śarūpin mfn. whose shape admits of no name or appellation avyapade śya mfn. not to be defined bhaktimārgopade śadīkṣā f. Name of work bhūtopade śa m. referring to anything already occurring or existing bopade va See vopadeva - . brahmajñānopade śa m. Name of work brahmopade śa m. instruction in sacred knowledge, brahmopade śanetṛ m. Butea Frondosa (see -mo panetṛ - ). deśopade śa m. Name of a poem (see śa -nirṇaya - ). devatopade śana n. designation of the d worshipped in any rite dharmopade śa m. instruction in law or duty, religious or moral instruction dharmopade śa m. the laws collectively dharmopade śa m. the statement of modality (see ma -mātra - ) dharmopade śa m. Name of a jaina - work dharmopade śaka m. teacher of the law, spiritual preceptor dharmopade śanā f. varia lectio for ma -deśanā - q.v draupade ya m. plural metron. of the 5 sons of draupadī - (viz. of prativindhya - , son of yudhi -ṣṭhira - ;of suta -soma - , son of bhīma - ;of śruta -kīrti - or śrutakarman - , son of arjuna - ;of śatā nīka - , son of nakula - ;and of śruta -sena - , son of sahadeva - ) durupade śa m. bad instruction ekapade ind. on the spot, in one moment, at once etc. ekaśrutyupade śa m. Name of work hetvapade śa m. the adducing or mentioning of a reason hetvapade śa m. the second avayava - in a syllogism (see under hetu - ) hitopade śa m. friendly advice, salutary instruction hitopade śa m. Name of a popular collection of fables intermixed with didactic sentences and moral precepts (compiled by nārāyaṇa - , and supposed to be narrated by a brahman - named viṣṇu -śarman - to some young princes; it is chiefly founded on the pañca -tantra - q.v ) hitopade śa m. Name of two works on medicine. hitopade ṣṭṛ mfn. instructing on what is salutary, a friendly instructor, kind adviser iḍaspade in the place, of sacred libation id est at the altar or place of offering iḍāyāspade (iḷāy/ās -pad/e - ) ind. at the place of iḷā - id est of worship and libation, earth janapade śvara m. equals dā dhipa - kacchapade śa m. Name of a country. kulopade śa m. family name mahāvākyamantropade śapaddhati f. Name of work mokṣasādhanopade śa m. Name of work mugdhavilopade śa m. instruction in beautiful glances nāradopade śa m. Name of chapter of the pañcākṣarīyantropade śa m. Name of work pāpade śanā f. instruction of the wicked paramarahasyopade śasaṃgraha m. Name of work pāramparyopade śa m. traditional instruction paropade śa m. giving advice or instruction to others pathopade śaka m. equals tha -darśaka - , (in Prakrit). praśnopade śa m. Name of work pratāpade va ( ) m. Name of a prince pratyupade śa m. instruction or advice in return rūpade va m. Name of two poets sadapade śa mfn. possessing reality only in semblance sahakāropade śa m. Name of work sainyavyapade śa m. the summons of an army sakalavedopaniṣatsāropade śasāhasrī f. the upadeśa -sāhasrī - (by śaṃkarā cārya - ) on the essence of all the veda - s and upaniṣad - s. śakunopade śa m. the doctrine of omens, augury samīpade śa m. a country or place close at hand, neighbourhood sāpade śam ind. under a pretext or pretence sarpade vajana m. pl. the sarpa - s and deva -jana - s ( -vidyā - ,f.,) sarpade vī f. Name of a tīrtha - śāstropade śakrama m. Name of work ṣaṭpade ṣṭa m. "dear to bees", Nauclea Cadamba śīlopade śamālā f. "garland of instruction in virtue", Name of work śrīlaśrīvopade va m. the eminent and illustrious vopadeva - svalpade hā f. a dwarfish girl unfit for marriage svātmānandopade śa m. Name of work svātmansaṃvidupade śa m. Name of work svātmansaṃvittyupade śa m. Name of work svātmāpade śa m. Name of work śyenopade śa m. injunction to women to burn on a separate funeral pile (see śyena -karaṇa - ) upade ha (for 2.See sub voce, i.e. the word in the Sanskrit order ) m. a cover, liniment, ointment commentator or commentary on upade ha m. (for 1.See upa - dih - ) "a secondary growth of the body", a kind of excrescence upade havat mfn. having the above excrescence upade hikā f. a species of ant upade hikā f. the white ant upade śa m. pointing out to, reference to etc. upade śa m. specification, instruction, teaching, information, advice, prescription etc. upade śa m. plea, pretext (equals apa -deśa - ) upade śa m. initiation, communication of the initiatory mantra - or formula upade śa m. (in grammar ) original enunciation (id est the original form [often having an anubandha - ] in which a root, base, affix, augment, or any word or part of a word is enunciated in grammatical treatises) etc. upade śa m. Name of a class of writings ( ) upade śa m. a name, title upade śa etc. See upa - diś - . upade śaka mfn. giving instruction, instructing, instructive, didactic upade śaka mfn. teacher, instructor upade śakarṇikā f. Name of work upade śamālā f. upade śāmṛta n. Name of work upade śana n. the act of advising upade śana n. instruction, information, doctrine upade śanā f. idem or 'n. instruction, information, doctrine ' upade śanavat mfn. furnished with advice upade śapañcaka n. upade śarasāyana n. upade śaratnamālā f. upade śārthavākya n. "a tale for the sake of instruction", a parable. upade śasāhasrī f. Name of certain works. upade śatā f. the being a precept or rule upade śin mfn. advising, teaching, informing upade śin m. a teacher, adviser upade śin mfn. (in grammar ) a word or affix etc. used in an upa -deśa - (q.v ) commentator or commentary on upade ṣṭavya mfn. to be taught or advised upade ṣṭavya mfn. fit or proper to be taught upade ṣṭṛ m. one who teaches, a teacher, adviser upade ṣṭṛ m. a Guru or spiritual guide upade ṣṭṛtva n. the state of being a teacher upade śya mfn. to be taught upade śya mfn. taught upade va m. an inferior or secondary deity (as a yakṣa - , gandharva - , apsaras - , etc.) upade va m. Name of several men upade va f(ā - , ī - ). Name of a wife of vasu -deva - upade vatā f. a minor or inferior deity vaidyahitopade śa m. Name of work vedāntopade śa m. Name of work vibudhopade śa m. Name of a vocabulary. viśvarūpade va m. Name of an author vopade va m. Name of the author of the mugdha -bodha - grammar (also of the kavi -kalpadruma - and various other works, including, according to some, the bhāgavata - - purāṇa - ;he was a son of keśava - and pupil of dhaneśvara - , and is said to have flourished about the latter half of the thirteenth century at the court of hemā dri - , king of deva -giri - , now Dowlatabad). vopade vaśataka n. Name of a kāvya - by vopa -deva - . vyapade śa m. representation, designation, information, statement etc. vyapade śa m. a name, title vyapade śa m. a family, race vyapade śa m. summons (of an army) vyapade śa m. appeal to (genitive case ) vyapade śa m. talk, speech ( ) vyapade śa m. a particular form of speech vyapade śa m. fame, renown (See compound ) vyapade śa m. fraud, stratagem, pretext, excuse (ena - ,under pretext or excuse [also -tas - ] in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' = under the pretext of) etc. vyapade śaka mfn. designating, indicating vyapade śārtham ind. for the purpose of (acquiring) renown vyapade śavat mfn. having a particular designation or name (with pitṛ -tas - ,designated by the name of the father) vyapade śin mfn. having a name or designation vyapade śin mfn. (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' ) denoting, indicating vyapade śin mfn. (in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' ) conforming to, following the advice of. vyapade ṣṭṛ mfn. one who represents or shows or names vyapade ṣṭṛ mfn. one who represents falsely, a cheat, impostor vyapade śya mfn. to be designated or indicated or named vyapade śya mfn. to be censured or blamed vyupade śa m. ( dis - ) pretext, pretence (prob. wrong reading for vy -apa -deśa - ). yathopade śam ind. according to advice or suggestion, according to precept or instructions yogopade śa m. Name of work
pade kaḥ पदेकः A falcon. apade śaḥ अपदेशः 1 Statement, adducing (उपदेश); pointing out, mentioning the name of; अपदेशो मे जनकान्नोत्पत्ति- र्वसुधातलात् Rām.6.116.16. नैष न्यायो यद्दातुरपदेशः Dk.6; हेत्वपदेशात् प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम् Nyāya S.; दीक्षाया अप- देशात् Kāty. -2 (a) A pretext, pretence, plea, excuse; contrivance; अवेक्ष्यमाणा शनकैर्जगाम कृत्वाग्निहोत्रस्य तदापदेशम् Mb.3.111.18 केनापदेशेन पुनराश्रमं गच्छामः Ś.2; रक्षापदेशा- न्मुनिहोमधेनोः R.2.8; व्रतापदेशोज्झितगर्ववृत्तिना V.3.12. (b) Guise, disguise, form; विकटदुष्टश्वापदापदेशकालगोचरं गता Māl.7; मन्त्रिपदापदेशं यौवराज्यम् Dk.11. -3 Statement of the reason, adducing a cause, the second (हेतु) of the five members of an Indian syllogism (according to the Vaiśeṣikas). -4 A butt, mark (लक्ष्य). -5 A place, quarter. -6 Refusal, rejection. -7 Fame, reputation. -8 Deceit. -9 (अपकृष्टो देशः) A bad or wrong place. -1 Danger or peril. cf. अपदेशः पदे लक्ष्ये स्यात् प्रसिद्धनिमित्तयोः । औदार्यशौर्यधैर्येषु निःसीमव्यपदेशयोः । Nm. apade śin अपदेशिन् a. Pretending to be, assuming the appearance of (in comp.) apade śya अपदेश्य pot. p. 1 To be feigned, adduced &c. -2 Being in a wrong place. -3 To be indicated or stated; अपदिश्यापदेश्यं च Ms.8.54. apade vatā अपदेवता A goblin, evil spirit. āpade vaḥ आपदेवः 1 N. of the god Varuṇa. -2 N. of the author of मीमांसान्यायप्रकाश. upade haḥ उपदेहः 1 An ointment, liniment. -2 A cover. -3 A minor or secondary body (such as that which grows on diseased parts of the body). upade śaḥ उपदेशः 1 Instruction, teaching, advice, prescription; एष आदेशः, एष उपदेशः Tait. Up.1.11.4. सुशिक्षितो$पि सर्व उपदेशेन निपुणो भवति M.1 (see the act inter alia); स्थिरोपदेशामुपदेशकाले प्रपेदिरे प्राक्तनजन्मविद्याः Ku.1.3; अचिरप्रवृत्तोपदेशं नाट्यम् M.1,2.1; Ś.2.3; Ms.8.272; Amaru.29; R.12.57; K.26; M.6; परोपदेशे पाण्डित्यम् H.1.99. -2 Pointing out or referring to; शब्दानामितरे- तरोपदेशः Nir. -3 Specification, mentioning, naming. -4 A plea, pretext. -5 Initiation, communication of an initiatory Mantra or formula; चन्द्रसूर्यग्रहे तीर्थे सिद्धक्षेत्रे शिवालये । मन्त्रमात्रप्रकथनमुपदेशः स उच्यते ॥ -6 (In gram.) A form in a rule, an indicatory form (any word or part of a word, such as an affix, augment &c. with its anubandhas which show what particular grammatical
rules are to be applied. उपदेश आद्योच्चारणम् Sk. -Comp. -अर्थवाक्यम्, -वचनम् a parable, moral fable. -साहस्री N. of a philosophical work by Śaṅkarāchārya. upade śaka उपदेशक a. Giving instruction, teaching. -कः An instructor, a guide, preceptor. upade śatā उपदेशता 1 The state of being a precept or rule; तप- स्विनामप्युपदेशतां गतम् Ku.5.36. -2 Instruction, teaching. -3 Doctrine. upade śanam उपदेशनम् Advising, instructing; किं पुनरुपदेशनम् शास्त्रम् Mbh. on P.I.3.2. -ना Information, doctrine. upade śin उपदेशिन् a. Advising, instructing. m. 1 A teacher, adviser. -2 A word or affix &c. in the form in which it appears in grammatical rules. upade ṣṭṛ उपदेष्टृ a. Giving instruction or advice. m. (ष्टा) A teacher, preceptor; especially a spiritual preceptor; चत्वारो वयमृत्विजः स भगवान्कर्मोपदेष्टा हरिः Ve.1.25. upade vaḥ उपदेवः देवता A minor or inferior god (as the Yakṣas, Gandharvas and Apsarasas). upade hikā उपदेहिका A kind of insect, white ant (Mar. वाळवी). aupade śika औपदेशिक a. (-की f.) [उपदेश-ठक्] 1 Living by उपदेश or teaching. -2 Got by instruction (as wealth). draupade yaḥ द्रौपदेयः 1 A son of Draupadī; Bg.1.6,18. -2 A son of Drupada; स हतो द्रौपदेयेन पाञ्चाल्येन शिखण्डिना Mb.6.12.7. pratyupade śaḥ प्रत्युपदेशः Advice in return; व्यनीयत प्रत्युपदेशलुब्धैः Ku.1.34. vyapade śaḥ व्यपदेशः 1 Representation, information, notice; अलं वै व्यपदेशेन धनुरायच्छ राघव Mb.3.99.49. -2 Designation by name, naming. -3 A name, an appellation, a title; एवं व्यपदेशभाजः U.6. -4 A family, race; अथ को$स्य व्यपदेशः Ś.7; व्यपदेशमाविलयितुं किमीहसे जनमिमं च पातयितुम् Ś.5.21. -5 Fame, reputation, renown; also in adjectival senses; व्यपदेशकुले जाताः पूजिताश्चाप्यभीक्ष्णशः Rām.4.64.21.; Ms.7 168. -6 A trick, pretext, excuse, device; भारतव्यपदेशेन ह्याम्नायार्थश्च दर्शितः Bhāg.1.4.29. -7 Fraud, craft. -8 Concealment, dissimulation; Māl.7. vyapade śin व्यपदेशिन् a. 1 (In comp.) Conforming to, following the advice of; महावंशप्रसूतस्य वसिष्ठव्यपदेशिनः (तवैव भुवि नान्यतः) Rām.1.19.2. -2 Having a designation. vyapade ṣṭṛ व्यपदेष्टृ m. A cheat, an impostor. vyupade śaḥ व्युपदेशः Pretext, pretence. sāpade śam सापदेशम् ind. Under a pretence.
anudāttopade śa (a root) pronounced originally i. c. pronounced in the Dhātupāṭha with a grave accent; see the word अनुदात्त a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. : confer, compare अनुदात्तोपदेशवनतितनोत्यादीनामनुनासिकलोपो झलि ङ्किति P. VI.4.37. See also the word अनिट् a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . āpade va son of अनन्तदेव, the author of Sphoṭanirūpaṇa (17th cent. A.D.). upade śa instruction; original enunciation; first or original precepts or teaching; confer, compare उपदेश आद्योच्चारणम् S. K. on T the rule उपदेशेजनुनासिक इत् P.I.3.2. confer, compare वर्णानामुपदेशः कर्तव्यः; Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. I. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 15. For difference between उपदेश and उद्देश see उद्देश; confer, compare also उपदिश्यतेनेनेत्युपदेशः । शास्त्रवाक्यानि, सूत्रपाठः खिलपाठश्च Kāśikā on P. I.3.2; confer, compare also Vyāḍi. Pari. 5; (2) employment (of a word) for others confer, compare उपेदश: परार्थः प्रयोगः । स्वयमेव तु बुद्धया यदा प्ररमृशति तदा नास्त्युपदेशः Kāś. on अदोनुपदेशे P.I.4.70. upade śin such a word as is found in the original instruction. upade śivadbhāva occurrence in the original statement before the application of any affixes et cetera, and others , confer, compare एवमप्युपदेशिवद्भावो वक्तव्यः, Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P.I. 1.56, Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 23. upade śivadvacana statement to the effect that a word should be looked upon as occurring in the original instruction although it is not there. See उपदेश.confer, compare नुम्विधावुपदेशिवद्वचनं प्रत्ययविध्यर्थम् P. VII.1.58. Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 1. aaupade śika mentioned in the original statement; confer, compare अन्तग्रहणं औपदेशिकांर्थम् । Kāś. on ष्णान्ता षट् P.I.1.24, confer, compare also औपदेशिकप्रायोगिकयोरौपदेशिकस्यैव ग्रहणम् Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Pari. 120. ṇopade śa a root mentioned in the Dhatupatha by Panini as beginning with ण् which subsequently is changed to न् ( by P. VI. 1.65) in all the forms derived from the root; e. g. the roots णम, णी and others. In the case of these roots the initial न् is again changed into ण् after a prefix like प्र or परा having the letter र् in it and having a vowel or a consonant of the guttural or labial class intervening between the letter र् and the letter न्; e. g. प्रणमति, प्रणयकः et cetera, and others confer, compare Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P. VIII. 4.14. dhātūpade śa enumeration or recital of roots in the Dhatupatha;confer, compare प्रकृत्युपपदोपाधयश्वोपदिष्टः। क्व । धातूपदेशे प्रातिपदिकोपदेशे च । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. III. 1 1. bopade va a great Sanskrit scholar and grammarian belonging to Devagiri in the greater Maharastra who was supported by Hemadri of Devagiri. He resided at सार्थग्राम on the river Varada in the first half of the thirteenth century. He wrote a short treatise on Sanskrit Grammar, which has a number of peculiar abbreviations for the usual well-known grammatical termanuscript. His grammar had a wide spread in Bengal and it is today a very common text on Grammar Bengal. On this account some scholars believe that he lived in Bengal. He was the son of Kesava and pupil of Dhanesa. He is also the author, of the well-known work कविकल्पद्रुम on which he has written a commentary named कामधेनु or काव्यकामधेनु. vyapade śa (1) special designation or representation; confer, compare अाकृतिर्व्यपदेशानां प्राय आदित अादित: Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) XVII. 4: ( 2 ) main designation; confer, compare निमित्तसद्भावाद्विशिष्टोपदेश: व्यपदेश: मुख्यो व्यवहारः Par. Sek. Pari. 30; confer, compare also यो द्वयेा: षष्ठीनिर्दिष्टयॊ: प्रसङ्गे भवति, लभतेसौ अन्यतरतो व्यपदेशम् । M.Bh.on P.I.1.51 Vart. 7. vyapade śivadbhāva treatment of a secon dary thing as the principal one, e g. a person or a thing, without any second or any others, looked upon as the first or the last; confer, compare व्यपदेशिवदेकस्मिन् कार्ये भवतीति वक्तव्यम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I. 1.21. Vart. 2. The remark or expression व्यपदेशिवद्भावेन भविष्यति is found often given in the Mahabhasya; confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ahnika 1 Vart 14; I.1.9, I.1.51 I,1.72: I.2.48 et cetera, and others For details see Par. Sek. Pari. 30, vyapade śivadvacana statement of Vyapadesivadbhava : confer, compare तत्र व्यपदेशिवद्वचनम् -एकाचो द्वे प्रथमार्थं षत्वे चादेशसंप्रत्ययार्थम् । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on VIII.3.59 Vart. 7. śabdopade śa scientific and authoritative citation or statement of a word as contrasted with अपशब्दोपदेशः; confer, compare किं शब्दोपदेश: कर्तव्यः आहोस्विदपशब्दोपदेशः आहोस्विदुभयोपदेश इति ।Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). in Ahnika l. शमादि a class of eight roots headed by शम् which get their vowel lengthened before the conjugational sign य (श्यन्) as also before the krt. affix इन् ( घिनुण् ) in the sense of 'habituated to': exempli gratia, for example शाम्यति, शमी, भ्राम्यति, भ्रमी et cetera, and others : confer, compare P.VII.3.74 and P. III.2.141. akāra the letter a, (अ) inclusive of all its eighteen kinds caused by shortness, length, protraction, accentuation and nasalization in Pānini's grammar, in cases where a(अ) is not actually prescribed as a termination or an augment or a substitute. confer, compare अणुदित्सवर्णस्य चाप्रत्ययः P. I.1.73. The letter is generally given as the first letter of the alphabet ( वर्णसमाम्नाय ) in all Prātiśākhya and grammar works except in the alphabet termed Varṇopadeśa, as mentioned in the Ṛk Tantra confer, compare ए ओ ऐ औ अा ॠ लॄ ई ऊ ऋ लृ इ उ अाः । रयवलाः । ङञणनमाः । अः ೱ क ೱ पाः । हुं कुं खुं गुं घुं अं अां एवमुपदेशे et cetera, and others Ṛktantra Prātiśākhya. I. 4. akṣarasamāmnāya alphabet: traditional enumeration of phonetically independent letters generally beginning with the vowel a (अ). Although the number of letters and the order in which they are stated differ in different treatises, still, qualitatively they are much the same. The Śivasūtras, on which Pāṇini's grammar is based, enumerate 9 vowels, 4 semi-vowels, twenty five class-consonants and 4 | sibilants. The nine vowels are five simple vowels or monothongs (समानाक्षर) as they are called in ancient treatises, and the four diphthongs, (सन्ध्यक्षर ). The four semi-vowels y, v, r, l, ( य् व् र् ल् ) or antasthāvarṇa, the twenty five class-consonants or mutes called sparśa, and the four ūṣman letters ś, ṣ, s and h ( श् ष् स् ह् ) are the same in all the Prātiśākhya and grammar works although in the Prātiśākhya works the semi-vowels are mentioned after the class consonants.The difference in numbers, as noticed, for example in the maximum number which reaches 65 in the VājasaneyiPrātiśākhya, is due to the separate mention of the long and protracted vowels as also to the inclusion of the Ayogavāha letters, and their number. The Ayogavāha letters are anusvāra, visarjanīya,jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya, nāsikya, four yamas and svarabhaktī. The Ṛk Prātiśākhya does not mention l (लृ), but adding long ā (अा) i (ई) ,ū (ऊ) and ṛ (ऋ) to the short vowels, mentions 12 vowels, and mentioning 3 Ayogavāhas (< क्, = प् and अं) lays down 48 letters. The Ṛk Tantra Prātiśākhya adds the vowel l (लृ) (short as also long) and mentions 14 vowels, 4 semivowels, 25 mutes, 4 sibilants and by adding 10 ayogavāhas viz. 4 yamas, nāsikya, visarjanīya, jihvāmulīya, upadhmānīya and two kinds of anusvāra, and thus brings the total number to 57. The Ṛk Tantra makes a separate enumeration by putting diphthongs first, long vowles afterwards and short vowels still afterwards, and puts semi-vowels first before mutes, for purposes of framing brief terms or pratyāhāras. This enumeration is called varṇopadeśa in contrast with the other one which is called varṇoddeśa. The Taittirīya prātiśākhya adds protracted vowels and lays down 60 letters : The Ṣikṣā of Pāṇini lays down 63 or 64 letters, while the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya gives 65 letters. confer, compare Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. VIII. 1-25. The alphabet of the modern Indian Languages is based on the Varṇasamāmnāya given in the Vājasaneyi-prātiśākhya. The Prātiśākhyas call this enumeration by the name Varṇa-samāmnāya. The Ṛk tantra uses the terms Akṣara samāmnāya and Brahmarāśi which are picked up later on by Patañjali.confer, compare सोयमक्षरसमाम्नायो वाक्समाम्नायः पुष्पितः फलितश्चन्द्रतारकवत् प्रतिमण्डितो वेदितव्यो ब्रह्मराशिः । सर्ववेदपुण्यफलावाप्तिश्चास्य ज्ञाने भवति । मातापितरौ चास्य स्वर्गे लोके महीयेते । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). Ahnika.2-end. ādyantavattva अाद्यन्तवद्भाव, consideration of a single or solitary letter as the initial or the final one according to requirements for opcrations prescribed for the initial or for the final. Both these notions --the initial and the final-are relative notions, and because they require the presence of an additional letter or letters for the sake of being called initial or final it becomes necessary to prescribe आद्यन्तवद्भाव in the case of a single letter; confer, compare अाद्यन्तवदेकस्मिन् । आदौ इव अन्त इव एकस्मिन्नपि कार्यं भवति । यथा कर्तव्यमित्यत्र प्रत्ययाद्युदात्तत्वं भवति एवमौपगवमित्यत्रापि यथा स्यात् । Kāś. on P.I.1.21 ; confer, compare also अाद्यन्तवच्च । अपृक्तस्य आदिवदन्तवच्च कार्यं भवति । Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. I.55. This अाद्यन्तवद्भाव of Pāṇini is, in fact, a specific application of the general maxim known as vyapadeśivadbhāva by virtue of which "an operation which affects something on account of some special designation, which for certain reasons attaches to the letter, affects likewise that which stands alone;" confer, compare Pari.Śek. Pari. 30. āśubodha (1) name of a work on grammar written by Tārānātha called Tarka-vācaspatī, a reputed Sanskrit scholar of Bengal of the 19th century A.D. who compiled the great Sanskrit Dictionary named वाचस्पत्यकेाश and wrote commentaries on many Sanskrit Shastraic and classical works. The grammar called अाशुबोध is very useful for beginners; (2) name of an elementary grammar in aphorisms written by रामकिंकरसरस्वती, which is based on the Mugdhabodha of Bopadeva. indra name of a great grammarian who is believed to have written an exhaustive treatise on grammar before Pāṇini; confer, compare the famous verse of Bopadeva at the commencement of his Dhātupāṭha इन्द्रश्चन्द्र: काशकृत्स्नापिशली शाकटायनः । पाणिन्यमरजैनेन्द्रा जयन्त्यष्टादिशाब्दिका: ॥ No work of Indra is available at present. He is nowhere quoted by Pāṇini. Many quotations believed to have been taken from his work are found scattered in grammar works, from which it appears that there was an ancient system prevalent in the eastern part of India at the time of Pāṇini which could be named ऐन्द्रव्याकरणपद्धति, to which Pāṇini possibly refers by the word प्राचाम्. From references,it appears that the grammar was of the type of प्रक्रिया, discussing various topics of grammar such as alphabet, coalescence, declension, context, compounds, derivatives from nouns and roots, conjugation, and changes in the base. The treatment was later on followed by Śākaṭāyana and writers of the Kātantra school.For details see Mahābhāṣya edition by D. E. Society, Poona, Vol. VII pages 124-127. aindra name of an ancient school of grammar and of the treatise also, belonging to that school, believed to have been written under instructions of Indra. The work is not available. Patañjali mentions that Bṛhaspati instructed Indra for one thousand celestial years and still did not finish his instructions in words': (Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). I.1.1 ). The Taittirīya Saṁhitā mentions the same. Pāṇini has referred to some ancient grammarians of the East by the word प्राचाम् without mentioning their names, and scholars like Burnell think that the grammar assigned to Indra is to be referred to by the word प्राचाम्. The Bṛhatkathāmañjarī remarks that Pāṇini's grammar threw into the background the Aindra Grammar. Some scholars believe that Kalāpa grammar which is available today is based upon Aindra,just as Cāndra is based upon Pāṇini's grammar. References to Aindra Grammar are found in the commentary on the Sārasvata Vyākaraṇa, in the Kavikalpadruma of Bopadeva as also in the commentary upon the Mahābhārata by Devabodha.Quotations, although very few, are given by some writers from the work. All these facts prove that there was an ancient pre-Pāṇinian treatise on Grammar assigned to इन्द्र which was called Aindra-Vyākaraṇa.For details see Dr.Burnell's 'Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians' as also Vol. VII pages 124-126 of Vyākaraṇa Mahābhāṣya, edited by the D.E.Society, Poona. kavikalpadruma a treatise on roots written by Bopadeva, the son of Keśava and the pupil of Dhaneśa who lived in the time of Hemādri, the Yādava King of Devagiri in the thirteenth century. He has written a short grammar work named Mugdhabodha which has been very popular in Bengal being studied in many Tols or Pāṭhaśālās. kāmadhenu abridgment of काव्यकामधेनु of Bopadeva; the word is also used as a short form for काव्यकामधेनु. kāvyakāmadhenu name of the commentary by Bopadeva on his own work कविकल्पद्रुम. See कविकल्पद्रुम. khilapāṭha a supplementary recital or enunciation which is taken along with the original enunciation or upadeśa generally in the form of the sūtras. The word is used in the Kāśikā in the sense of one of the texts forming a part of the original text which is called upadeśa; confer, compare Kāśikā उपदिश्यते अनेनेत्युपदेश: शास्त्रवाक्यानि सूत्रपाठ: खिलपाठश्च (on P.I.3.2); confer, compare also खिलपाठो धातुपाठः प्रातिपदिकपाठो वाक्यपाठश्च Padamañjarī, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Haradatta. on Kāśikā I.3.2. govindarāma writer of 'Sabdadipika,' a commentary on the Mugdhabodha Vyakarana of Bopadeva. dayārāma writer of a commentary on the Mugdhabodha Vyakarana of Bopadeva. durgādāsa a grammarian who wrote (a) a gloss on Bopadeva's Mugdhabodha, (b) a gloss named घातुदीपिका on Kavikalpadruma and (c) Sabdarnavakos devanandin called also पूज्यपाद or पूज्यपाददेवनन्दिन् believed to have lived in the fifth century A. D. and written the treatise on grammar, of course based om Panini Sutras, which is known as जैनेन्द्र-व्याकरण or जैनेन्द्रशब्दानुशासन. The writer of this grammar is possibly mentioned as जैनेन्द्र in the usually guoted verse of Bopadeva :इन्द्रश्चन्द्रः काशकृत्स्नापिशली शाकटायनः पाणिन्यमरजैनेन्द्र जयन्त्यष्टादेिशाब्दिकाः. देवनन्दिन् was a great Jain saint and scholar who wrote many works on Jain Agamas of which सर्वार्थसिद्धि, the commentary on the तत्त्वार्थाधिगमसूत्र, is well-known. ghātudīpikā (1) name of a commentary on the Kavikalpadruma of Bopadeva by Ramalamkara; (2) name of a commentary on the Kavikalpadruma by Durgadasa who wrote a commentary on the Mugdhabodha also. bothaliṃgka [BOHTLINGK, OTTO] a German Sanskrit scholar and Grammarian of St.Petersberg, who has written a short gloss in German on Panini's Astadhyayi under the title "Panini's Grammatik" with an introduction and various indexes at the end. He has also critically edited Mugdhabodha of Bopadeva. bholānātha a grammarian who has written a commentary named Saṁdarbhāmṛta on Bopadeva's Mugdhabodha. miśra roots taking personal endings of both the Padas; Ubhayapadin roots: this term मिश्र is given in Bopadeva's grammar. mugdhabodha literally instructions to the ignorant: a treatise on grammar similar to the Astadhyayi of Panini but much shorter, written by Bopadeva or Vopadeva an inhabitant of the greater Maharastra in the Vardha district, in the thirteenth century. After the fall of the Hindu rulers in Bengal, treatises like भाषावृत्ति and others written by eastern grammarians fell into the back-ground and their place was taken up by easier treatises written by Bopadeva and others.Many commentaries were written upon the Mugdhabodha, of which the Vidyanivsa is much known to grammarians rāmarāma a grammarian who has written a commentary on the Kavikalpadruma of Bopadeva. rāmānand a grammarian of the seventeenth century who wrote a commentary on Bopadeva's Mugdhabodha. He was possibly the same as Ramarama (see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ) and Ramānandatirtha who wrote the Katantrasamgraha, although different from the well-known रामानन्दतर्थि of the sixteenth century who was a sanyasin and who wrote many philosophical and religious booklets. rāmālaṃkāra possibly the same as रामराम (see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ) who wrote Dhatudipika, a commentary on the Kavikalpadruma of Bopadeva. varṇasamāmnāya a collection of letters or alphabet given traditionally. Although the Sanskrit alphabet has got everywhere the same cardinal letters id est, that is vowels अ, इ et cetera, and others , consonants क्, ख् etc : semivowels य्, र्, ल्, व, sibilants श् ष् स् ह् and a few additional phonetic units such as अनुस्वार, विसर्ग and others, still their number and order differ in the different traditional enumerations. Panini has not mentioned them actually but the fourteen Siva Sutras, on which he has based his work, mention only 9 vowels and 34 consonants, the long vowels being looked upon as varieties of the short ones. The Siksa of Panini mentions 63 or 64 letters, adding the letter ळ ( दुःस्पृष्ट ); confer, compare त्रिषष्टि: चतुःषष्टिर्वा वर्णाः शम्भुमते मताः Panini Siksa. St.3. The Rk Pratisakhya adds four (Visarga, Jihvamuliya, Upadhmaniya and Anusvara ) to the forty three given in the Siva Sutras and mentions 47. The Taittiriya Pratisakhya mentions 52 letters viz. 16 vowels, 25class consonants, 4 semivowels,six sibilants (श्, ष् , स्, ह् , क्, प् , ) and anusvara. The Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya mentions 65 letters 3 varieties of अ, इ, उ, ऋ and लृ, two varieties of ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, 25 class-consonants, four semivowels, four sibilants, and जिह्वामूलीय, उपध्मानीय, अनुस्वार, विसर्जनीय, नासिक्य and four यम letters; confer, compare एते पञ्चषष्टिवर्णा ब्रह्मराशिरात्मवाचः Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. VIII. 25. The Rk Tantra gives 57 letters viz. 14 vowels, 25 class consonants, 4 semivowels, 4 sibilants, Visarga,.Jihvamuliya, Upadhmaniya, Anunasika, 4_yamas and two Anusvaras. The Rk Tantra gives two different serial orders, the Uddesa (common) and the Upadesa (traditional). The common order or Uddesa gives the 14 vowels beginning with अ, then the 25 class consonants, then the four semivowels, the four sibilants and lastly the eight ayogavahas, viz. the visarjanya and others. The traditional order gives the diphthongs first, then long vowels ( अा, ऋ, लॄ, ई and ऊ ) then short vowels (ऋ, लृ, इ, उ, and lastly अ ), then semivowels, then the five fifth consonants, the five fourths, the five thirds, the five seconds, the five firsts, then the four sibilants and then the eight ayogavaha letters and two Ausvaras instead of one anuswara. Panini appears to have followed the traditional order with a few changes that are necessary for the technigue of his work. vidyānivāsa name of a commentary on Bopadeva's Mugdhabodha. vyākaraṇaratnāvalī a short work on grammar written by विद्यारत्न गौरमॊदन. व्याकरणसंग्रह a small grammar work written by a grammar scholar Gangadhara which is based upon the Mugdhabodha of Bopadeva. saṃdarbhāmṛta name of a commentary on the Mugdhabodha Vyakarana of Bopadeva, written by a grammarian, named Bholanatha. setusaṃgraha name of a commentary on Bopadeva's Mugdhabodha Grammar written by a grammarian named Gangadhara. sphoṭanirūpaṇa name of a work discussing the nature of Sphota written by Apadeva.
pade
yonī, varāṅgam, upasthaḥ, smaramandiram, ratigṛham, janmavartma, adharam, avācyadeśaḥ, prakṛtiḥ, apatham, smarakūpakaḥ, apade śaḥ, prakūtiḥ, puṣpī, saṃsāramārgakaḥ, saṃsāramārgaḥ, guhyam, smarāgāram, smaradhvajam, ratyaṅgam, ratikuharam, kalatram, adhaḥ, ratimandiram, smaragṛham, kandarpakūpaḥ, kandarpasambādhaḥ, kandarpasandhiḥ, strīcihnam
striyaḥ avayavaviśeṣaḥ।
bhūtānāṃ caturvidhā yonirbhavati।
pade
dharmaśikṣikā, dharmopade śikā, dharmācāryā
yā dharmaṃ pāṭhayati।
asmin bālikā-vidyālaye ekā dharmaśikṣikā māse ekavāram āgatya dharmopadeśaṃ karoti।
pade
upade śaḥ, śikṣā, anudeśaḥ
hitakārakaṃ kathanam।
bhagavadgītāyāṃ śrīkṛṣṇena dattaḥ upadeśaḥ mānavasamājasya kalyāṇārthe asti।
pade
upade śaka
yaḥ upadeśaṃ dadāti।
bhaktikālinaḥ kavayaḥ upadeśakāḥ āsan।
pade
kadambaḥ, nīpaḥ, priyakaḥ, halipriyaḥ, kādambaḥ, ṣaṭpade ṣṭaḥ, prāvṛṣeṇyaḥ, haripriyaḥ, jīrṇaparṇaḥ, vṛttapuṣpaḥ, surabhiḥ, lalanāpriyaḥ, kādambaryaḥ, sīdhupuṣpaḥ, mahāḍhyaḥ, karṇapūrakaḥ, vajraḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ। yasya raktavarṇīyāni puṣpāṇi vṛttāni santi asya guṇāḥ tiktatvam kaṭutvam kaṣāyatvam vātapittakaphārtināśitvam śītalatvam śukravardhanañca।
katipayakusumodgamaḥ kadmabaḥ।
pade
anupadam, kramaśaḥ, padaśaḥ, pade pade , padātpadam, pratipadam
padaṃ prayujya।
anupadaṃ saḥ svasya lakṣyam abhi agacchat।
pade
śāṭhyam, upāyaḥ, apade śaḥ, vyapade śaḥ, chalaḥ, klṛptiḥ
kāryapūrtyarthe yenakena prakāreṇa kṛtā kṛtiḥ śaṭhasya bhāvo vā।
tasya śāṭhyaṃ na jñātaṃ mayā। / śaṭhaṃ prati śāṭhyam।
pade
adhyāpaya, pāṭhaya, śikṣaya, upade śaya, śās
vidyādānānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
rāmānujaḥ vidyālaye gaṇitam adhyāpayati। / śiṣyaḥ te ahaṃ śādhi mām।
pade
apade śaḥ, vyapade śaḥ, chadma, upadhiḥ, kapaṭam, chalam, kūṭaḥ, kūṭam, vyājaḥ, lakṣyam
kañcit vañcayituṃ dhāryamāṇaṃ rūpam athavā kriyamāṇaṃ kāryam।
saḥ pīḍitasya apadeśaṃ karoti।
pade
apade śaḥ, vyapade śaḥ, chalam, mithyāhetuḥ, paryupāsanam
svarakṣaṇārtham athavā kiñcit pramāṇayitum pravṛttā asatyā kṛtiḥ।
saḥ śirovedanāyāḥ apadeśena vidyālayaṃ na agacchat।
pade
sūcanā, upanyāsaḥ, upakṣepaḥ, prastāvaḥ, mantraṇam, upade śaḥ, buddhiḥ
yasmin viṣaye anyaiḥ na cintitaṃ tasya viṣayasya sūcanam।
asmin viṣaye bhavānapi sūcanāṃ karotu।
pade
dharmopade śaḥ, dharmavyākhyānam
dharmeṇa sambandhitaḥ upadeśaḥ।
dharmopadeśaṃ śrutvā saḥ cauryakarma na karaṇasya pratijñāṃ svyakarot।
pade
mārgadarśakaḥ, pathadarśakaḥ, upade śakaḥ, nirdeśakaḥ, nāyakaḥ, pragrahaḥ, mārgopadik, nirdeṣṭā, adhvadarśī, saṃcārayitā, nirṇetā, dhūrṣad, uddeśakaḥ, padavāyaḥ, ādeśakaḥ, prajñātā, mukhyaḥ, vicārakaḥ, vināyakaḥ, vinetā, voḍhā
yaḥ mārgaṃ darśayati।
vayam ekaṃ kuśalaṃ mārgadarśakam anusarantaḥ agre agacchāma।
pade
viśeṣavargam, adhyāpanam, śikṣaṇam, upade śaḥ
vidyālayasya samayād atirikte samaye kañcit śulkaṃ svīkṛtya śikṣakeṇa kṛtaṃ pāṭhanam।
idānīṃtanīye kāle chātrāḥ viśeṣavarge eva paṭhitum icchanti।
pade
marśanam, mantraṇam, upade śaḥ
bodhanasya kriyā।
vidyālaye marśanasya samaye sarve nūtanāḥ chātrāḥ upasthitāḥ āsan।
pade
nirīkṣaṇam, anvīkṣaṇam, vyapade śaḥ, avekṣaṇam, avekṣā, ālocanam
sāvadhānacittena avalokanam।
vidyārthinaḥ prayogaśālāyāḥ anvīkṣaṇaṃ kurvanti।
pade
apade śaḥ, vyājaḥ, lakṣyam
svarūpagopanasya kriyā।
apadeśasya sahāyena saḥ sainikāt rakṣāṃ prāptaḥ।
pade
mārgadarśanam, upade śanam, nirdeśanam, adhvadarśanam
kāṭhinyādeḥ nirgamanāya kasyāpi kāryādeḥ sampādanāya vā mārgasūcanāyāḥ kriyā।
śīlā mahataḥ viduṣaḥ mārgadarśanena svasya anusandhānaṃ karoti।
pade
mārgadarśakaḥ, pathapradarśakaḥ, mārgopade śakaḥ
yaḥ mārgaṃ darśayati।
asmākam adhyāpakaḥ ekaḥ ṛjuḥ mārgadarśakaḥ asti।
pade
pratinidhitvam, vyapade śaḥ
kasyacit pratinidhirūpeṇa kāryam।
ahaṃ pratinidhitvaṃ kartuṃ na śaknomi।
pade
uttaram, pratyuttaram, vyapade śaḥ
abhiyuktasya svanirdoṣatāyāḥ pramāṇabhūtasya samādhānavacanasya kriyā।
taiḥ rakṣaṇaprastutaiḥ avasaraḥ na labdhaḥ।
pade
utkṛṣṭapade niyuj, śreṣṭhapade niyuj, pratipad, padavṛddhiṃ kṛ, padavardhanaṃ kṛ, pratipattiṃ dā, puraskṛ
vartamānapadāt utkṛṣṭapade niyojanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
saṃsthā mām utkṛṣṭapade niyokṣyati।
pade
draupade yaḥ
draupadyāḥ putraviśeṣaḥ।
prativindhyaḥ draupadeyeṣu ekaḥ āsīt।
pade
upade vā
ugrasenasya anujasya devakasya putrī।
upadevā devakyāḥ bhaginī āsīt।
pade
upade śaḥ
ekā lekhanapaddhatiḥ yasyāṃ mantramātra kathanaṃ vartate ।
pratyekasmin śāstre upadeśagranthaṃ vartate
pade
viśvarūpade vaḥ
lekhakaviśeṣaḥ ।
vivaraṇapustikāyāṃ viśvarūpadevasya varṇanaṃ prāpyate
pade
vibudhopade śaḥ
ekaḥ śabdasaṅgrahaḥ ।
vibudhopadeśasya ullekhaḥ kośe asti
pade
pratāpade va
ekaḥ rājaputraḥ ।
kośeṣu pratāpadevaḥ ullikhitaḥ
pade
kacchapade śaḥ
ekaḥ deśaḥ ।
kacchapadeśasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
pade
upade śasāhasrī
kṛtiviśeṣaḥ ।
upadeśasāhasrī iti nāmakāḥ naikāḥ kṛtayaḥ santi
pade
upade śaḥ
upagranthānāṃ vargaḥ ।
upadeśasya ullekhaḥ bauddhasāhitye asti
pade
upade vaḥ
puruṣanāmaviśeṣaḥ ।
upadevaḥ iti nāmakānāṃ naikeṣāṃ puruṣāṇām ullekhaḥ harivaṃśe viṣṇupurāṇe ca asti
pade
āpade vaḥ
ekaḥ lekhakaḥ ।
āpadevasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
pade
āpade vaḥ
ekaḥ lekhakaḥ ।
āpadevasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti
pade
deśopade śaḥ
ekaṃ kāvyam ।
deśopadeśasya ullekhaḥ kośe vartate
pade
deśopade śaḥ
ekaṃ kāvyam ।
deśopadeśasya ullekhaḥ koṣe asti