anekas vara having many vowels or syllables in it; the same as अनेकाच् of Pāṇini; confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. III. 4.46 ekas vara possessed of one vowel,monosyllabic; a term used by Hemacandra in his grammar for the term एकाच् of Pāṇini: confer, compare आद्योंश एकस्वरे Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. IV.1.2, which means the same as एकाचेा द्वे प्रथमस्य P.VI.1.1. aikas varya having only one principal accent (Udātta or Svarita) for the whole compound word which is made up of two or more individual words confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I.1.29. kas una Hemacandra's grammar. He lived in the 16 th century A. D. kas un kṛt affix अस् found in Vedic Literature, in the sense of the infinitive: e. g. ईश्वरो विलिखः (विलि-खितुम्) confer, compare P. III.4.13, 17. The word ending in this कसुन् becomes an indeclinable: cf क्त्वातोसुन्कसुनः P.I.1.40. kas en kṛt affix असे in the sense of the infinitive in Vedic Literature; e. g. प्रेषे, श्रियसे्; confer, compare Kāś. on P. III. 4. 9. kas kādi a class of compound-words headed by कस्क in which the visarga occurring at the end of the first member is noticed as changed into स् against the usual rules e. g. कस्क:, कौतस्कुतः भ्रातुष्पुत्रः, सद्यस्कालः, धनुष्कपालम् and others; confer, compare P. VIII.3.48. As this कस्कादिगण is said to be अाकृतिगण, similar words can be said to be in the कस्कादिगण although they are not actually mentioned in the गणपाठ. jñāpakas amuccaya a work giving a collection of about 400 Jñāpakas or indicatory wordings found in the Sūtras of Pānini and the conclusions drawn from them. It was written by Purușottamadeva, a Buddhist scholar of Pāņini's grammar in the twelfth century A. D., who was probably the same as the famous great Vaiyākaraņa patronized by Lakșmaņasena.See पुरुषेत्तमदेव. jñāpakas ādhya realizable, or possible to be drawn, from a wording in the Sūtra of Pāņini in the manner shown a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . See ज्ञापक. jñāpakas iddha realized from the ज्ञापक wording; the conclusion drawn from an indicatory. word in the form of Paribhāșās and the like. Such conclusions are not said to be universally valid; confer, compare ज्ञापकसिद्धं न सर्वत्र Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa. Pari, 110.7. napuṃsakas vara the special accent viz. the acute accent for the first vowel for nouns in the neuter gender excepting those that end in इस्, as prescribed by नबिषयस्यानिसन्तस्य Phitsutra 11; confer, compare नपुंसकस्वरो मा भूत् M.Bh. on P.VII.1.77. prātipadikas vara the general accent of the Pratipadika viz. the acute ( उदात्त ) for the last vowel as given by the Phit sutra फिषः ( प्रातिपदिकस्य ) अन्त उदात्तः; confer, compare also प्रातिपदिकस्वरस्यावकाशः । अाम्रः । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. VI. 1.91 Vart. 7. rāmakiṃkas arasvatī a grammarian who wrote a small grammar treatise named अायुबोधव्याकरण which is different from the well-known अाशुबोध of तारानाथतर्कवाचस्पति. vārttikas iddhānta categorical conclusive statements made by the Varttikakara many of which were cited later on as Paribhasas by later writers For details see pp. 212220 Vol. VII, Vyakarana Mahbhasya, D. E. Society's edition. vārttikas ūtra the same as वार्तिकवचन which see a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . The Varttikas are termed Varttika sutras on account of their close similarity with the original Sutras, which in contrast are termed Vrttisutras. akāraka not causing any verbal activity; different from the kārakas or instruments of action such as the agent, the object, the instrument, the recipient (संप्रदान), the separated (अपादान) and the location, (अधिकरण) confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on I.4.23, 29 and 5l and on II.3.1. adhikaraṇa (1) support: a grammatical relation of the nature of a location : place of verbal activity. confer, compare अाधारोsधिकरणम् P.I.4.45; (2) one of the six or seven Kārakas or functionaries of verbal activity shown by the locative case. cf सप्तम्यधिकरणे च P.II.4.36;(3)substance, 'dravya' confer, compare अनधिकरणवाचि अद्रव्यवाचि इति गम्यते M.Bh. on II.1.1. anabhihita not conveyed or expressed by another id est, that is by any one of the four factors viz.verbal affix, kṛt affix,taddhita affix and compound. The rule अनभिहिते (P. II.3.I) and the following rules lay down the different case affixes in the sense of the different Kārakas or auxiliaries of the verbal activity, provided they are not shown or indicated in any one of the a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. mentioned four ways; e. g. see the acc. case in कटं करोति, the inst, case in दात्रेण लुनाति, the dative case case in देवदत्ताय गां ददाति, the ablative case. case in ग्रामादा गच्छति, or the locative case case in स्थाल्यां पचति. aṣṭādhyāyī name popularly given to the Sūtrapāṭha of Pāṇini consisting of eight books (adhyāyas) containing in all 3981 Sūtras,as found in the traditional recital, current at the time of the authors of the Kāśika. Out of these 398l Sūtras, seven are found given as Vārtikas in the Mahābhāṣya and two are found in Gaṇapāṭha.The author of the Mahābhāṣya has commented upon only 1228 of these 3981 sūtras. Originally there were a very few differences of readings also, as observed by Patañjali ( see Mbh on I.4.1 ); but the text was fixed by Patañjali which, with a few additions made by the authors of the Kāśika,as observed a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. , has traditionally come down to the present day. The Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. is believed to be one of the six Vedāṅga works which are committed to memory by the reciters of Ṛgveda. The text of the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. is recited without accents. The word अष्टाध्यायी was current in Patañjali's time; confer, compare शिष्टज्ञानार्था अष्टाध्यायी Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on VI. 3.109. asiddha invalid; of suspended validity for the time being: not functioning for the time being. The term is frequently used in Pāṇini's system of grammar in connection with rules or operations which are prevented, or held in suspense, in connection with their application in the process of the formation of a word. The term (असिद्ध) is also used in connection with rules that have applied or operations that have taken place, which are, in certain cases, made invalid or invisible as far as their effect is concerned and other rules are applied or other operations are allowed to take place, which ordinarily have been prevented by those rules which are made invalid had they not been invalidatedition Pāṇini has laid down this invalidity on three different occasions (1) invalidity by the rule पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् VIII.2.1. which makes a rule or operation in the second, third and fourth quarters of the eighth chapter of the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. invalid when any preceding rule is to be applied, (2) invalidity by the rule असिद्धवदत्राभात् which enjoins mutual invalidity in the case of operations prescribed in the Ābhīya section beginning with the rule असिद्धवत्राभात् (VI. 4.22.) and going on upto the end of the Pāda (VI.4.175), (3) invalidity of the single substitute for two letters, that has already taken place, when ष् is to be substituted for स्, or the letter त् is to be prefixed, confer, compare षत्वतुकोरसिद्धः (VI. 1.86). Although Pāṇini laid down the general rule that a subsequent rule or operation, in case of conflict, supersedes the preceding rule, in many cases it became necessary for him to set, that rule aside, which he did by means of the stratagem of invalidity given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . Subsequent grammarians found out a number of additional cases where it became necessary to supersede the subseguent rule which they did by laying down a dictum of invalidity similar to that of Pāṇini. The author of the Vārttikas, hence, laid down the doctrine that rules which are nitya or antaraṅga or apavāda, are stronger than, and hence supersede, the anitya, bahiraṅga and utsarga rules respectively. Later gram marians have laid down in general, the invalidity of the bahiraṅga rule when the antaraṅga rule occurs along with it or subsequent to it. For details see Vol. 7 of Vvyākaraṇa Mahābhāṣya(D. E. Society's edition) pages 217-220. See also Pari. Śek. Pari. 50. aātmanebhāṣa a technical term used for such roots as speak for the agent himself; the term अात्मनेभाष means the same as the term अात्मनेपदिन्. The term अात्मनेभाष is not mentioned by Pāṇini; but the writer of the Vārtikas explains it, confer, compare आत्मनेभाषपरस्मैभाषयोरुपसंख्यानम् P. VI.3.7 and 8 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 1; confer, compare also आत्मनेपदिनश्च धातवो वैयाकरणैरात्मनेभाषशब्देन व्यवह्रियन्ते,Kaiyaṭa on VI.3.7.The term is found in the Atharva-Prātiśākhya. III. 4.7. It cannot be said whether the term came in use after Pāṇini or, although earlier, it belonged to some school other than that of Pāṇini or, Pāṇini put into use the terms Ātmanepada and Parasmaipada for the affixes as the ancient terms Ātmanebhāṣa and Parasmaibhāṣa were in use for the roots. āpatya patronymic affix such as अण् and others. The term अापत्य, which is the same as the usual term अपत्य in तस्यापत्यम् P.IV.I, is found sometimes used in the Vārttikas and in the Mahābhāṣya; confer, compare आयत्याज्जीवद्वंश्यात्स्वार्थे द्वितीयो युवसंज्ञ: P.IV.1.163 Vārt 6. ika (1) substitute for the affix ठ given as ठक्, ठञ् or ञिठ् by Pāṇini; confer, compare ठस्येकः P.VII.3.50; (2) taddhita affix इकक्, इकन् षिकन् mentioned in . the Vārtikas on P.IV.2.60; (3) kṛt (affix). affix इक applied to खन् exempli gratia, for example आखानिकः confer, compare इको वक्तव्यः P.III.3.125 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 3. ikak the same affix as ठक् mentioned by the वार्तिककार in the Vārtikas on P.IV.2.60. iṣṭa a word frequently used in the Vārttikas and the Mahābhāṣya and other treatises in the senses of (1) a desired object, (2) a desired purpose, (3) a desired statement, (4) a desired form id est, that is the correct form : confer, compare इष्टान्वाख्यानं खल्वपि भवति: Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). I.1. Āhnika of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya. 1. योगविभागादिष्टसिद्धिः Pari.Śek. Pari. 114. ukta prescribed, taught, lit, said (already). उक्तं वा is a familiar expression in the Mahābhāṣya and the Vārttikas referring usually to something already expressedition Sometimes this expression in the Mahābhāṣya, referring to something which is not already expressed, but which could be found subsequently expressed, leads to the conclusion that the Mahābhāṣyakāra had something like a 'Laghubhāṣya' before him at the time of teaching the Mahābhāṣya. See Kielhorn's Kātyāyana and Patañjali, also Mahābhāṣya D.E. S.Ed. Vol. VII, pages 71, 72. uktārtha a word or expression whose sense has been already expressedition The expression उक्तार्थानामप्रयोगः is frequently used in the Mahābhāṣya and the Vārttikas and cited as a Paribhāṣā or a salutary conventional maxim against repetition of words in the Paribhāṣāpāṭhas of Vyādi (Par. 51), Candragomin (Par 28) and Kātantra (Par. 46) and Kālāpa-vyākaraṇasūtra. (Par. 46) grammars. karmādi literally karman and others; a term often used in the Mahābhāṣya for kārakas or words connected with a verbal activity which have the object or karmakāraka mentioned first; सुपां कर्मादयोप्यर्थाः संख्या चैव तथा तिङाम् M.Bh, on I.4.21. kātantra name of an important small treatise on grammar which appears like a systematic abridgment of the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. of Pāṇini. It ignores many unimportant rules of Pāṇini, adjusts many, and altogether omits the Vedic portion and the accent chapter of Pāṇini. It lays down the Sūtras in an order different from that of Pāṇini dividing the work into four adhyāyas dealing with technical terms, saṁdhi rules,declension, syntax compounds noun-affixes ( taddhita affixes ) conjugation, voice and verbal derivatives in an order. The total number of rules is 1412 supplemented by many subordinate rules or Vārttikas. The treatise is believed to have been written by Śarvavarman, called Sarvavarman or Śarva or Sarva, who is said to have lived in the reign of the Sātavāhana kings. The belief that Pāṇini refers to a work of Kalāpin in his rules IV. 3.108 and IV.3.48 and that Patañjali's words कालापम् and माहवार्तिकम् support it, has not much strength. The work was very popular especially among those who wanted to study spoken Sanskrit with ease and attained for several year a very prominent place among text-books on grammar especially in Bihar, Bengal and Gujarat. It has got a large number of glosses and commentary works, many of which are in a manuscript form at present. Its last chapter (Caturtha-Adhyāya) is ascribed to Vararuci. As the arrangement of topics is entirely different from Pāṇini's order, inspite of considerable resemblance of Sūtras and their wording, it is probable that the work was based on Pāṇini but composed on the models of ancient grammarians viz. Indra, Śākaṭāyana and others whose works,although not available now, were available to the author. The grammar Kātantra is also called Kālāpa-vyākaraṇasūtra. . A comparison of the Kātantra Sūtras and the Kālāpa-vyākaraṇasūtra. Sūtras shows that the one is a different version of the other. The Kātantra Grammar is also called Kaumāra as it is said that the original 1nstructions for the grammar were received by the author from Kumāra or Kārttikeya. For details see Vol. VII Patañjala Mahābhāṣya published by the D.E. Society, Poona, page 375. kātya (1) another name sometimes given to Katyāyana to whom is ascribed the composition of the Vārttikas on Pāṇini-sūtras; (2) an ancient writer Kātya quoted as a lexicographer by Kṣīrasvāmin, Hemacandra and other writers. kātyāyana the well-known author of the Vārttikas on the sūtras of Pāṇini. He is also believed to be the author of the Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya and many sūtra works named after him. He is believed to be a resident of South India on the strength of the remark प्रियतद्धिता दाक्षिणात्याः made by Patañjali in connection with the statement 'यथा लौकिकवैदिकेषु' which is looked upon as Kātyāyana's Vārttika. Some scholars say that Vararuci was also another name given to him, in which case the Vārttikakāra Vararuci Kātyāyana has to be looked upon as different from the subsequent writer named Vararuci to whom some works on Prakrit and Kātantra grammar are ascribedition For details see The Volume of the introduction in Marathi to the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya, written by K. V. Abhyankar and published by the O. E. Society, Poona. . pages I93-223 published by the D. E.Society, Poona.See also वार्तिकपाठ below. kāraka literally doer of an action. The word is used in the technical sense ; 1 of ’instrument of action'; cf कारकशब्दश्च निमित्तपर्यायः । कारकं हेतुरिति नार्थान्तरम् । कस्य हेतुः । क्रियायाः Kāś. on P.I. 4.23: confer, compare also कारक इति संज्ञानिर्देशः । साधकं निर्वर्तकं कारकसंज्ञं भवति । M.Bh. on P. I. 4.28. The word 'kāraka' in short, means 'the capacity in which a thing becomes instrumental in bringing about an action'. This capacity is looked upon as the sense of the case-affixes which express it. There are six kārakas given in all grammar treatises अपादान, संप्रदान, अधिकरण, करण , कर्मन् and कर्तृ to express which the case affixes or Vibhaktis पञ्चमी, चतुर्थी, सप्तमी, तृतीया, द्वितीया and प्रथमा are respectively used which, hence, are called Kārakavibhaktis as contrasted with Upapadavibhaktis, which show a relation between two substantives and hence are looked upon as weaker than the Kārakavibhaktis; confer, compare उपपदविभक्तेः कारकविभक्तिर्बलीयसी Pari. Śek. Pari.94. The topic explaining Kārakavibhaktis is looked upon as a very important and difficult chapter in treatises of grammar and there are several small compendiums written by scholars dealing with kārakas only. For the topic of Kārakas see P. I. 4.23 to 55, Kat, II. 4.8-42, Vyākaraṇa The Volume of the introduction in Marathi to the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya, written by K. V. Abhyankar and published by the O. E. Society, Poona. . pp.262-264 published by the D. E. Society, Poona. kārakakārikā possibly another name for the treatise on Kārakas known as कारकचक्र written by Puruṣottamadeva's Paribhāṣāvṛtti. adeva the reputed grammarian of Bengal who lived in the latter half of the twelfth century A. D. See कारकचक्र. kārakakhaṇḍanamaṇḍana also called षट्कारक-खण्डनमण्डन which is a portion of theauthor's bigger work named त्रिलो-चनचन्द्रिका. The work is a discourse on the six kārakas written by Maṇikaṇṭha, a grammarian of the Kātantra school. He has also written another treatise named Kārakavicāra kārakacakra (1) written by Puruṣotta madeva a reputed grammarian of Bengal who wrote many works on grammar of which the Bhasavrtti, the Paribhāṣāvṛtti and Jñāpakasamuccya deserve a special mention. The verse portion of the Kārakacakra of which the prose portion appears like a commentary might be bearing the name Kārakakaumudī. kārakaṭīkā a work on Kārakas ascribed to Bhairava. kārakatattva a treatise on the topic of Kārakas written by Cakrapāṇiśeṣa, belonging to the famous Śeṣa family of grammarians, who lived in the seventeenth century A. D. kārakanirṇaya a work discussing the various Kārakas from the Naiyāyika view-point written by the well-known Naiyāyika, Gadādhara Chakravartin of Bengal, who was a pupil of Jagadīśa and who fourished in the 16th century A. D. He is looked upon as one of the greatest scholars of Nyāyaśāstra. His main literarywork was in the field of Nyāyaśāstra on which he has written several treatises. kārakapariccheda a work dealing with Kārakas ascribed to Rudrabhaṭṭa. kārakapāda name given by Śivadeva and other grammarians to the fourth pāda of the first adhyāya of Pāṇini's Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. which begins with the Sūtra कारके I. 4. 1 and which deals with the Kārakas or auxiliaries of action. kārakavāda (1) a treatise discussing the several Kārakas, written by Kṛṣṇaśāstri Ārade a famous Naiyāyika of Benares who lived in the eighteenth century A. D; (2) a treatise on syntax written by Jayarāmabhaṭṭācārya which is called कारकविवेक also, which see below. a treatise on syntax written by Jayarāmabhaṭṭācārya which is called कारकविवेक also, which see below. kārakavicāra a work on Kārakas ascribed to Maṇikaṇṭha. See Kārakakhaṇḍanamaṇḍana a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . kārakavilāsa an anonymous elementary work on syntax explaining the nature and function of the six Kārakas. kīlhārn Kielhorn F., a sound scholar of Sanskrit Grammar who brought out excellent editions of the Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya and the Paribhāṣenduśekhara and wrote an essay on the Vārttikas of Kātyāyana. For details see Pātañjala Mahābhāṣya Vol VII.p.40, D. E society edition, Poona. kṛt literally activity; a term used in the grammars of Pāṇini and others for affixes applied to roots to form verbal derivatives; confer, compare कृदतिङ् । धातोः ( ३ ।१।९१ ) इत्यधिकारे तिङ्कवर्जितः प्रत्ययः कृत् स्यात् । Kāś. on III.1.93, The kṛt affixes are given exhaustively by Pāṇini in Sūtras III.1.91 to III.4. I17. कृत् and तद्धित appear to be the ancient Pre-Pāṇinian terms used in the Nirukta and the Prātiśākhya works in the respective senses of root-born and noun-born words ( कृदन्त and तद्धितान्त according to Pāṇini's terminology), and not in the sense of mere affixes; confer, compare सन्त्यल्पप्रयोगाः कृतोप्यैकपदिकाः Nirukta of Yāska. I.14: अथापि भाषिकेभ्यो धातुभ्यो नैगमाः कृतो भाष्यन्ते Nirukta of Yāska. II.2; तिङ्कृत्तद्धितसमासा: शब्दमयम् V.Pr. I.27; also confer, compare V.Pr. VI.4. Patañjali and later grammarians have used the word कृत् in the sense of कृदन्त; confer, compare गतिकारकोपपदानां कृद्भिः सह समासवचनं प्राक् सुबुत्पत्तेः Pari Śek.Pari.75. The kṛt affixes are given by Pāṇini in the senses of the different Kārakas अपादान, संप्रदान, करण, अाधकरण, कर्म and कर्तृ, stating in general terms that if no other sense is assigned to a kṛt affix it should be understood that कर्ता or the agent of the verbal activity is the sense; confer, compare कर्तरि कृत् । येष्वर्थनिर्देशो नास्ति तत्रेदमुपतिष्ठते Kāś. on III.4.67. The activity element possessed by the root lies generally dormant in the verbal derivative nouns; confer, compare कृदभिहितो भावो द्रव्यवद्भवति, क्रियावदपि । M.Bh.on V.4.19 and VI. 2.139 kroṣṭrīya an ancient school of grammarians who are believed to have written rules or Vārttikas on some rules of Pāṇini to modify them; the क्रोष्ट्रीय school is quoted in the Mahābhāṣya; confer, compare परिभाषान्तरमिति च मत्वा क्रोष्ट्रीयाः पठन्ति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I.1.3. kha taddhita affix. affix, always changed into ईन, (l) applied to the word कुल in the sense of a descendant, exempli gratia, for example कुलीनः, आढ्यकुलीन:; confer, compare P. IV. 1.139; (2) applied to the words अवार, पार, पारावार and अवारपार in the Śaīṣika senses, e. g. अवारीणः, पारीणः et cetera, and others ; confer, compare P.IV.2.93 and Vārttikas 2, 3 on it; (3) applied to words ending in the word वर्ग ( which does not mean 'sound' or 'letter' ) in the sense of 'present there,' e. g. वासुदेववर्गीणः, युधिष्ठिरवर्गीणः; confer, compare P. IV. 3.64; (4) applied to the words सर्वधुर and एकधुर in the sense of 'bearing,' and to ओजसू , वेशोभग, यशोभग and पूर्व, exempli gratia, for example ओजसीनः et cetera, and others , confer, compare P.IV.4.78, 79, 130, 132, 133; (5) applied in the sense of 'favourable to' to the words आत्मन् , विश्वजन, et cetera, and others (P.V.1.9), to विंशतिक, (32) to अाढक, अाचित, पात्र and others (53-55), to समा (85-86), to रात्रि, अहन् , संवत्सर and वर्ष (87-88) and संवत्सर and परिवत्सर (92); e. g. आत्मनीनः, आढकीनः पात्रीणः, समीनः, संवत्सरीणः et cetera, and others ; (6) to the words सर्वचर्मन्, यथामुख et cetera, and others e. g. सर्वचर्मीणः confer, compare P.V. 2.5 to 17; (7) to the words अषडक्ष, अशितंगु et cetera, and others confer, compare P.V.4.7,8. e. g. अषडक्षीणः. (8) ख is also a technical term in the sense of elision or लोप in the Jainendra Grammar confer, compare Jain I. 1.61. (9) The word ख is used in the sense of 'glottis' or the hole of the throat ( गलबिल ) in the ancient Prātiṣākhya works. gaṅgeśaśarmā writer of Kātantra-kaumudī possibly different from the reputed Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāa who is looked upon as the founder of the Navyanyāya school of modern Naiyāyikas, and who lived in the twelfth century A. D. gonardīya literally inhabitant of Gonarda which was the name of a district. in the province of Oudh in the days of the Mahabhasyakara according to some scholars. Others believe that Gonarda was the name of the district named Gonda at present The expression गोनर्दीय अाह occurs four times in the Mahabhasya where it refers to a scholar of grammar in Patafijali's time; cf M.Bh. on I. 1.21 ; I. 1.29; III. I.92; VII. 2.101. As Kaiyata paraphrases the words गेानर्दीयस्त्वाह as भाष्यकारस्त्वाह, scholars say that गेीनर्दीय was the name taken by the Mahabhasyakara himself who was a resident of Gonarda. Hari Diksita, however, holds that गोनर्दीय was the term used for the author of the . Varttikas; confer, compare Brhacchabdaratna. ghi (1) a tech. term applied to noun bases or Prātipadikas ending in इ and उ excepting the words सखि and पति and those which are termed नदी; confer, compare P. I. 4.79; (2) a conventional term for लधु ( a short vowel) found used in the Jainendra Vyakarana. jātipakṣa the view that जाति, or genus only, is the denotation of every word. The view was first advocated by Vajapyayana which was later on held by many, the Mimamsakas being the chief supporters of the view. See Mahabhasya on P. I. 2.64. See Par. Sek. Pari. 40. jñāpaka literally indirect or implicit revealer; a word very commonly used in the sense of an indicatory statement. The Sutras, especially those of Pinini, are very laconic and it is believed that not a single word in the Sutras is devoid of purpose. If it is claimed that a particular word is without any purpose, the object of it being achieved in some other way, the commentators always try to assign some purpose or the other for the use of the word in the Sutra. Such a word or words or sometimes even the whole Sutra is called ज्ञापक or indicator of a particular thing. The Paribhasas or rules of interpretation are mostly derived by indication(ज्ञापकसिद्ध) from a word or words in a Sutra which apparently appear to be व्यर्थ or without purpose, and which are shown as सार्थक after the particular indication ( ज्ञापन ) is drawn from them. The ज्ञापक is shown to be constituted of four parts, वैयर्थ्य, ज्ञापन, स्वस्मिञ्चारितार्थ्य and अन्यत्रफल. For the instances of Jñāpakas, see Paribhāșenduśekhara. Purușottamadeva in his Jñāpakasamuccaya has drawn numerous conclusions of the type of ज्ञापन from the wording of Pāņini Sūtras. The word ज्ञापक and ज्ञापन are used many times as synonyms although ज्ञापन sometimes refers to the conclusions drawn from a wording which is ज्ञापक or indicator. For instances of ज्ञापक, confer, compare M.Bh. on Māheśvara Sūtras 1, 3, 5, P. Ι.1. 3, 11, 18, 23, 51 et cetera, and others The word ऊठ् in the rule वाह ऊठ् is a well known ज्ञापक of the अन्तरङ्गपरिभाषा. The earliest use of the word ज्ञापक in the sense given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. , is found in the Paribhāșāsūcana of Vyādi. The Paribhāșā works on other systems of grammar such as the Kātantra; the Jainendra and others have drawn similar Jñāpakas from the wording of the Sūtras in their systemanuscript. Sometimes a Jñāpaka is not regularly constituted of the four parts given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ;it is a mere indicator and is called बोधक instead of ज्ञापक्र. trimuni (1) the famous three ancient grammarians Panini (the author of the Sutras), Katyayana (the author of the Varttikas), and Patanjali (the author of the Mahabhasya;) (2) the grammar of Panini, called so, being the contribution of the reputed triad of Grammarians. trilokanātha son of Vaidyanatha who wrote a small treatise on karakas called षट्कारकनिरूपण. durgasiṃha the famous commentator of the Katantra sutras, whose Vrtti on the sutras is the most popular one. It is called , कातन्त्रसूत्रवृत्ति or कातन्तवृत्ति or दौर्गसिंहीवृत्ति , also. A work on Paribhasas named परिभाषावृति, in which Paribhasas are explained and established as based on the Katantra Vyakarana sutras, is attributed to Durgasimha. It is doubtful whether this commentator Durgasimha is the same as Durgacarya, the famous commentator of Yaska's Nirukta. There is a legend that Durgasimha was the brother of Vikramaditya, the founder of the Vikrama Era. Besides the gloss on the Katantra sutras, some grammar works such as a gloss on the unadi sutras, a gloss ( वृत्ति ) on Kalapa-Vyakarana Sutras, a commentary on Karakas named षट्कारकरत्न, Namalinganusasana and Paribhasavrtti are ascribed to Durgasimha. Some scholars believe that the term अमरसिंह was only a title given to Durgasimha for his profound scholarship, and it was Durgasimha who was the author of the well-known work Amarakosa. ghātuprakāśa a work dealing with roots Written as a supplementary work by Balarama-Pancanana to his own grammar named PrabodhaPrakasa. dhātvarthe literally meaning of a root, the verbal activity, named क्रिया or भावः . confer, compare धात्वर्थः क्रिया; Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on III.2. 84, III.2.115. The verbal activity is described generally to be made up of a series of continuous subordinate activities carried on by the different karakas or agents and instruments of verbal activity helping the process of the main activity. When the process of the verbal activity is complete, the completed activity is looked upon as a substantive or dravya and a word denoting it, such as पाक,or याग does not get conjugational affixes, but it is regularly declined like a noun.Just as स्वार्थ, द्रब्य, लिङ्ग, संख्या, and कारक are given as प्रातिपदिकार्थ, in the same manner क्रिया, काल, पुरुष, वचन or संख्या, and कारक are given as धात्वर्थ, as they are shown by a verbal form, although strictly speaking verbal activity (क्रियorभाव) alone is the sense of a root, as stated in the Mahbhasya. For details see Vaiyak.Bh.Sara, where it is said that fruit ( फल) and effort ( ब्यापार ) are expressed by a root, confer, compare फलव्यापारयोर्धातुः. The five senses given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. are in fact conveyed not by a root, but by a verb or अाख्यात or तिडन्त. navāhnikī name given to the first nine Ahnikas or lessons of the Mahabhasya which are written in explanation of only the first pada of the first Adhyaya of Panini's Astadhyayi and which contain almost all the important theories, statements and problems newly introduced by Patanjali. nipāta a particle which possesses no gender and number, and the case termination after which is dropped or elidedition Nipata is given as one of the four categories of words viz नामन्, आख्यात, उपसर्ग and निपात by all the ancient writers of Pratisakhya, Vyakarana and Nirukta works;confer, compare Nirukta of Yāska. I. 4, M.Bh. on I. 1. Ahnika l, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) XII. 8 et cetera, and others The word is derived from the root पत् with नि by Yaska who has mentioned three subdivisions of Niptas उपमार्थे, कर्मोपसंग्रहार्थे and पदपूरणे; confer, compare अथ निपाताः । उच्चावचेष्वर्थेषु निपतन्ति । अप्युपमार्थे । अपि कर्मोपसंग्रह्यार्थे । अपि पदपूरणाः । Nirukta of Yāska. I. 4. The Nipatas are looked upon as possessed of no sense; confer, compare निपातः पादपूरणः Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) XII. 8, Vājasaneyi Prātiśākhya. VIII. 50, ( commentary by Uvvata ). Panini has not given any definition of the word निपात, but he has enumerated them as forming a class with च at their head in the rule चादयोऽसत्वे where the word असत्वे conveys an impression that they possess no sense, the sense being of two kinds सत्त्व and भाव, and the Nipatas not possesssing any one of the two. The impression is made rather firm by the statement of the Varttikakra'निपातस्यानर्थकस्य प्रातिपदिकत्वम्' P. I. 2. 45 Vart. 12. Thus, the question whether the Nipatas possess any sense by themselves or not, becomes a difficult one to be answeredition Although the Rkpratisakhya in XII.8 lays down that the Nipatas are expletive, still in the next verse it says that some of them do possess sense; confer, compare निपातानामर्थवशान्निपातनादनर्थकानामितरे च सार्थकाः on which Uvvata remarks केचन निपाताः सार्थकाः, केचन निरर्थकाः । The remark of Uvvata appears to be a sound one as based on actual observation, and the conflicting views have to be reconciledition This is done by Bhartrhari who lays down that Nipatas never directly convey the sense but they indicate the sense. Regarding the sense indicated by the Nipatas, it is said that the sense is never Sattva or Dravya or substance as remarked by Panini; it is a certain kind of relation and that too, is not directly expressed by them but it is indicatedition Bhoja in his Srngaraprakasa gives a very comprehensive definition of Nipata as:-जात्यादिप्रवृत्तिनिमित्तानुपग्राहित्वेनासत्त्वभूतार्थाभिधायिनः अलिङ्गसंख्याशक्तय उच्चावचेष्वर्थेषु निपतन्तीत्यव्ययविशेषा एव चादयो निपाताः । He gives six varieties of them, viz. विध्यर्थ, अर्थवादार्थ, अनुवादार्थ, निषेधार्थ, विधिनिषेधार्थ and अविधिनिषेधार्थ, and mentions more than a thousand of them. For details see Bhartrhari's Vakyapadiya II. 189-206. niyama (1) restriction; regulation; binding; the term is very frequently used by grammarians in connection with a restriction laid down with reference to the application of a grammatical rule generally on the strength of that rule, or a part of it, liable to become superfluous if the restriction has not been laid down; confer, compare M.Bh. on I. 1. 3, Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on I. 3.63, VI. 4.11; confer, compare also the frequently quoted dictum अनियमे नियमकारिणी परिभाषा; (2) limitation as contrasted with विकल्प or कामचार; confer, compare अनेकप्राप्तावेकस्य नियमो भवति शेषेष्वनियम; पटुमृदुशुक्लाः पटुशुक्लमृदव इति; Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on II. 2. 34 Vart. 2; (3) a regulating rule; a restrictive rule, corresponding to the Parisamkhya statement of the Mimamsakas, e. g. the rule अनुदात्तङित आत्मनेपदम् P. I.3.12; the grammarians generally take a rule as a positive injunction avoiding a restrictive sense as far as possible; confer, compare the dictum विधिनियमसंभवे विधिरेव ज्यायान्. Par. Sek. Pari. 100; the commentators have given various kinds of restrictions,. such as प्रयोगनियम,अभिधेयनियम,अर्थनियम, प्रत्ययनियम, प्रकृतिनियम, संज्ञानियम et cetera, and others et cetera, and others ; (4) grave accent or anudatta; confer, compare उदात्तपूर्वं नियतम् Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya by Śaunaka ( Sanskrit Sāhityapariṣad Edition, Calcutta.) III. 9; see नियत (2). niravakāśa possessed of no scope of, or occasion for, application; the word अनवकाश is also used in this sense. The niravakasa rules always set aside the general rules which are always present wherever they i. e. the niravakasa rules are possible to be appliedition Niravakasatva is looked upon as one of the two criteria for बाध or sublation, the other one being सामान्यविशेषभाव as illustrated by the usual maxim, known as तक्रकौण्डिन्यन्याय. See तक्रकौण्डिन्यन्याय; confer, compare also अनवकाशा हि विधयो बाधका भवन्ति Par. Sek. on Pari. 64. nirvartya one of the many kinds of karman or object governed by a transitive verb or root, which has got the nature of being produced or brought into existence or into a new shape; confer, compare त्रिविधं कर्म निर्वर्त्य विकार्य प्राप्यं चेति । निर्वर्त्य तावत् कुम्भकारः नगरकारः। The word निर्वर्त्य is explained as यदसज्जन्यते यद्वा प्रकाश्यते तन्निर्वर्त्यम् । कर्तव्यः कटः । उच्चार्यः शब्दः Sr. Prakasa; confer, compare also Vakyapadiya III.7.78; confer, compare also इह हि तण्डुलानोदनं पचतीति द्व्यर्थः पचिः । तण्डुलान्पचन्नोदनं निर्वर्तयति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on I.4.49. For details see the word कर्मन्; also see M.Bh. on I.4.49. nirvṛtti production of the effect; production of the activity by the agents or instruments of activity called Karakas; confer, compare साधनं हि क्रियां निर्वर्तयति तामुपसर्गो विशिनष्टि M.Bh. on II. 2.19 Vart. 2. patañjali the reputed author of the Mahābhāșya, known as the Pātañjala Mahābhāșya after him. His date is determined definitely as the second century B.C. on the strength of the internal evidence supplied by the text of the Mahābhāșya itselfeminine. The words Gonardiya and Gonikāputra which are found in the Mahābhāșya are believed to be referring to the author himself and, on their strength he is said to have been the son of Goņikā and a resident of the country called Gonarda in his days. On the strength of the internal evidence supplied by the Mahābhāșya, it can be said that Patañjali received his education at Takșaśila and that he was,just like Pāņini, very familiar with villages and towns in and near Vāhika and Gāndhāra countries. Nothing can definitely be said about his birthplace, and although it might be believed that his native place was Gonarda,its exact situation has not been defined so far. About his parentage too,no definite information is available. Tradition says that he was the foster-son of a childless woman named Gonikā to whom he was handed over by a sage of Gonarda, in whose hands he fell down from the sky in the evening at the time of the offering of water-handfuls to the Sun in the west; confer, compare पतत् + अञ्जलि, the derivation of the word given by the commentators. Apart from anecdotes and legendary information, it can be said with certainty that Patañjali was a thorough scholar of Sanskrit Grammar who had studied the available texts of the Vedic Literature and Grammar and availed himself of information gathered personally by visiting the various schools of Sanskrit Grammar and observing the methods of explanations given by teachers there. His Mahābhāșya supplies an invaluable fund of information on the ways in which the Grammar rules of Pāņini were explained in those days in the various grammar schools. This information is supplied by him in the Vārttikas which he has exhaustively given and explainedition He had a remarkable mastery over Sanskrit Language which was a spoken one at his time and it can be safely said that in respect of style, the Mahābhāșya excels all the other Bhāșyas in the different branches of learning out of which two, those of Śabaraswāmin and Śańkarācārya,are selected for comparison. It is believed by scholars that he was equally conversant with other śāstras, especially Yoga and Vaidyaka, on which he has written learned treatises. He is said to be the author of the Yogasūtras which,hence are called Pātañjala Yogasūtras, and the redactor of the Carakasamhitā. There are scholars who believe that he wrote the Mahābhāșya only, and not the other two. They base their argument mainly on the supposition that it is impossible for a scholar to have an equally unmatching mastery over three different śāstras at a time. The argument has no strength, especially in India where there are many instances of scholars possessing sound scholarship in different branches of learning. Apart from legends and statements of Cakradhara, Nāgesa and others, about his being the author of three works on three different śāstras, there is a direct reference to Patañjali's proficiency in Grammar, Yoga and Medicine in the work of King Bhoja of the eleventh century and an indirect one in the Vākyapadīya of Bhartŗhari of the seventh century A. D. There is a work on the life of Patañjali, written by a scholar of grammar of the South,named Ramabhadra which gives many stories and incidents of his life out of which it is difficult to find out the grains of true incidents from the legendary husk with which they are coveredition For details,see Patañjala Mahābhāșya D.E.Society's edition Vol. VII pages 349 to 374. See also the word महाभाष्य. parisaṃkhyāna literally enumeration; enunciation;mention ; the word is found generally used by Katyayana and other Varttikakaras at the end of their Varttikas. The words वक्तव्यम्, वाच्यम् , and the like, are similarly usedition pāṇinisūtra called also by the name अष्टक or पाणिनीय-अष्टक; name given to the SUtras of Paanini comprising eight adhyaayaas or books. The total number of SUtras as commented upon by the writers of the Kasika and the Siddhaantakaumudi is 3983. As nine sUtras out of these are described as Vaarttikas and two as Ganasutras by Patanjali, it is evident that there were 3972 SUtras in the Astaka of Paanini according to Patanjali. A verse current among Vaiyakarana schools states the number to be 3996; confer, compare त्रीणि सूत्रसहस्राणि तथा नव शतानि च । षण्णवतिश्च सूत्राणां पाणिनिः कृतवान् स्वयम् । The traditional recital by Veda Scholars who look upon the Astadhyayi as a Vedaanga, consists of 3983 Sutras which are accepted and commented upon by all later grammarians and commentators. The SUtras of Paanini, which mainly aim at the correct formation of words, discuss declension, conjugation, euphonic changes, verbal derivatives, noun derivatives and accents. For details see Vol.VII, Vyaakarana Mahaabhaasya, D. E. Society's edition pp. 152-162. pāṇinisūtravārtika name given to the collection of explanatory pithy notes of the type of SUtras written. mainly by Kaatyaayana. The Varttikas are generally written in the style of the SUtras, but sometimes they are written in Verse also. The total number of Varttikas is well-nigh a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. 5000, including Varttikas in Verse.There are three kinds of Varttikas; confer, compare उक्तानुक्तदुरुक्तानां चिन्ता यत्र प्रवर्तते । तं ग्रन्थं वार्तिकं प्राहुर्वार्तिकज्ञा मनीषिणः । Naagesa appears to have divided Varttikas into two classes as shown by his definition 'सूत्रेऽ नुक्तदुरुक्तचिन्ताकरत्वं वार्तिकत्वम् '. If this definition be followed, many of the Vaarttikas given in the Maahibhaasya as explaining and commenting upon the Sutras will not strictly be termed as Vaarttikaas, and their total number which is given as exceeding 5000, will be reduced to about 1400 or so. There are some manuscript copies which give this reduced number, and it may be said that only these Vārttikas were written by Kātyāyana while the others were added by learned grammarians after Kātyāyana. In the Mahābhāșya there are seen more than 5000 statements of the type of Vārttikas out of which Dr. Kielhorn has marked about 4200 as Vārttikas. At some places the Mahābhāșyakāra has quoted the names of the authors of some Vārttikas or their schools, in words such as क्रोष्ट्रीयाः पठन्ति, भारद्वाजीयाः पठन्ति, सौनागाः पठन्ति. et cetera, and others Many of the Vārttikas given in the Mahābhāșya are not seen in the Kāśikāvŗtti, while some more are seen in the Kāśikā-vŗtti, which, evidently are composed by scholars who flourished after Patańjali, as they have not been noticed by the Mahābhāșyakāra. It is very difficult to show separately the statements of the Bhāșyakāra popularly named 'ișțis' from the Vārttikas of Kātyāyana and others. For details see Vol. VII Mahābhāșya, D.E. Society's edition pp. 193-224. puruṣottamadeva a famous grammarian believed to have been a Buddhist, who flourished in the reign of Lakșmaņasena in the latter half of the twelfth century in Bengal. Many works on grammar are ascribed to him, the prominent ones among which are the Bhāșāvŗtti and the Paribhāșāvŗtti, the Gaņavŗtti and the Jñapakasamuccaya and a commentary on the Mahābhāșya called Prāņapaņā of which only a fragment is available. Besides these works on grammar, he has written some lexicographical works of which Hārāvalī, Trikāņdaśeșa, Dvirūpakosa, and Ekaaksarakosa are the prominent ones. The Bhasavrtti has got a lucid commentary on it written by Srstidhara. prakṛti (1) material cause: confer, compare . तदर्थे विकृते: प्रकृतौ । प्रकृतिरुपादानकारणं तस्यैव उत्तरमवस्थान्तरं विकृतिः Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P.V.1.12; (2) original, as opposed to modified' ( विकृति ); the original base of a word which is used in language by the addition of affixes. There are mentioned three kinds of such original words in grammar, roots ( धातु ), noun bases ( प्रातिपदिक ) and affixes (प्रत्यय). प्रकृति is defined as शास्त्रप्रक्रियक्रियाव्यवहारे प्रकृतिप्रत्ययविभागकल्पनय शब्दार्थभावनायां प्रत्ययात् प्रथममुपादानकारणामिव या उपादीयते तां प्रकृतिरिति व्यापदिशन्ति' in the Sringaraprakasa; confer, compare अपशब्दो ह्यस्य प्रकृति: । न चापशब्द: प्रकृतिः , न ह्यपशब्दा उपदिश्यन्ते न चानुपदिष्टा प्रकृतिरस्ति । M.Bh. on Siva Sutra 2; confer, compare also कृत्प्रकृतिर्धातु: M.Bh. on P. VI. 2. 139 Vart. 2; पदप्रकृति: संहिता । पदप्रक्तीनि सर्वचरणानां पार्षदानि Nirukta of Yāska. I.17. prakriyākaumudī a well-known work on Sanskrit Grammar by रामचन्द्रशेष of the 15th century, in which the subject matter of the eight chapters of Panini's grammar is arranged into several different sections forming the different topics of grammar. It is similar to, and possibly. the predecessor of, the Siddhanta Kaumudi which has a similar arrangement. The work was very popular before the Siddhinta Kaumudi was written. it has got many commentaries numbering about a dozen viz. प्रक्रियाप्रसाद, प्रक्रियाप्रकाश, प्रक्रियाप्रदीप, अमृतस्तुति, प्रक्रियाव्याकृति,निर्मलदर्पण,तत्वचन्द्र, प्रक्रियारञ्जन, प्रक्रियाविवरण and others of which the Prasada of Vitthalesa and the Prakasa of Srikrsna are the wellknown ones. prātipadika literally available in every word. The term प्रातिपादिक can be explained as प्रतिपदं गृह्णाति तत् प्रातिपदिकम् cf P.IV. 4. 39. The term प्रातिपदिक, although mentioned in the Brahmana works, is not found in the Pratisakhya works probably because those works were concerned with formed words which had been actually in use. The regular division of a word into the base ( प्रकृति ) and the affix ( प्रत्यय ) is available, first in the grammar of Panini, who has given two kinds of bases, the noun-base and the verb-base. The noun-base is named Pratipadika by him while the verb-base is named Dhatu. The definition of Pratipadika is given by him as a word which is possessed of sense, but which is neither a root nor a suffix; confer, compare अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम् . P.I. 2.45. Although his definition includes, the krdanta words,the taddhitanta words and the compound words, still, Panini has mentioned them separately in the rule कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च P. I. 2.45 to distinguish them as secondary noun-bases as compared with the primary noun-bases which are mentioned in the rule अर्थवदधातुरप्रत्ययः प्रातिपदिकम्, Thus,Panini implies four kinds of Pratipadikas मूलभूत, कृदन्त, तद्धितान्त and समास, The Varttikakara appears to have given nine kinds-गुणवचन, सर्वनाम, अव्यय, तद्धितान्त, कृदन्त, समास, जाति, संख्या and संज्ञा. See Varttikas 39 to 44 on P. I. 4. 1. Later on, Bhojaraja in his SringaraPrakasa has quoted the definition अर्थवदधातु given by Panini, and has given six subdivisions.: confer, compare नामाव्ययानुकरणकृत्तद्धितसमासाः प्रातिपदिकानि Sr. Prak. I. page 6. For the sense conveyed by a Pratipadika or nounbase, see प्रातिपदिकार्थ. prādisamāsa a compound with प्र and others prescribed by the rule कुगतिप्रादयः P. II.2.18 and explained in detail by the Varttikas headed by the Varttika प्रादयो गताद्यर्थे प्रथमया P. II. 2. 18 Vart. 4, which comes under the general head तत्पुरुष ; the compound is also called प्रादितत्पुरुष; confer, compare कथं प्रभावो राज्ञः । प्रकृष्टो भाव इति प्रादिसमासो भविष्यति । Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P. III. 3.24 cf also प्रान्तः पर्यन्तः । बहुव्रीहिरयं प्रादिसमासो वा Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P. VI. 2. 180. prāpya literally which is arrived at; an object which is to be reached; confer, compare प्राप्यं कर्म; the word प्राप्य is used as a word qualifying the word कर्म, in which case it is called प्राप्यकर्म, as for example ग्रामं in ग्रामं गच्छति देवदत्तः or वेदमधीते माणवकः. The term प्राप्य is defined as क्रियाकृतविशेषानवगतौ कर्तुः क्रियया अनास्थितं अास्थितं वा यदवाप्यते तत् प्राप्यं कर्म । confer, compare कर्तुरीप्सितमं कर्म । ततु त्रिविधं निर्वर्त्ये विकार्यं प्राप्यमिति । यस्य क्रियाकृतानां विशेषाणां सर्वथानुपलब्धिः तत् प्राप्यम्. Srngara Prakasa IV. balīyastva relative superiority in strength possessed by rules of grammar or by operations based on rules of grammar. This Superiority is decided generally on any one or more of the four recognised criteria such as परत्व, नित्यत्व, अन्तरङ्गत्व and अपवादत्व. The phrase अन्तरङ्गबलीयस्त्वात् very frequently occurs in the varttikas and in the Mahabhasya; confer, compare M.Bh. on P. III. 1.67, VI.i.17, 85 Vart. 15, VI. 4.62 and VII.1.1. bhakṣyaniyama restriction regarding edibles of a particular kindeclinable The word is quoted to illustrate the नियमविधि or restrictive rule in grammar. Although the restriction in the instance पञ्च पञ्चनखा भक्ष्याः is of the kind of परिसंख्या and called परिसंख्या, and not नियम, by the Mimamsakas, the grammarians call it a niyamavidhi. There is no परिसंख्याविधि according to grammarians; they cite only two kinds of vidhi viz. simple vidhi or apurva vidhi and niyamavidhi. bhāṣyasūtra the brief pithy statements in the Mahābhāṣya of the type of the Sūtras or the Vārttikas. These assertions or statements are named 'ișṭi' also. bhāṣyeṣṭi the brief pithy assertions or injunctions of the type of Sūtras given by Patañjali in a way to supplement the Sūtras of Pāṇini and the Vārttikas thereon. See the word इष्टि a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. and the word भाष्यसूत्र also. bhoja the well-known king of Dhārā who was very famous for his charities and love of learning. He flourished in the eleventh century A.D. He is said to have got written or himself written several treatises on various śāstras. The work Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa which is based on the Astādhyāyi of Pāṇini, but which has included in it the Vārttikas and Paribhāṣās also, has become in a way a Vyākaraṇa or a general work in grammar and can be styled as Bhoja-Vyākaraṇa. mantra name given to the Samhitā portion of the Veda works especially of the Ṛgveda and the Yajurveda as different from the Brāhmaṇa, Āraṇyaka and other portions of the two Vedas as also from the other Vedas; confer, compare मन्त्रशब्द ऋक्शब्दे च यजु:शब्दे च; Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P.I. 1.68 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 4. The word मन्त्र occurs several times in the rules of Pāṇini ( confer, compare P. II. 4. 80, III.2.71, III.3.96, VI. 1. 151, VI.1.210, VI.3.131, VI.4.53, VI. 4.141) and a few times in the Vārttikas. (confer, compare I. 1. 68 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 4, IV.3.66 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 5 and VI. 4. 141 Vārttika (on the Sūtra of Pāṇini). 1). It is, however, doubtful whether the word was used in the limited sense by Pāṇini and Kātyāyana. Later on, the word came to mean any sacred text or even any mystic formula, which was looked upon as sacredition Still later on, the word came to mean a secret counsel. For details see Goldstūcker's Pāṇini p. 69, Thieme's 'Pāṇini and the Veda ' p. 38. mahābhāṣya literally the great commentary. The word is uniformly used by commentators and classical Sanskrit writers for the reputed commentary on Pāṇini's Sūtras and the Vārttikas thereon by Patañjali in the 2nd century B. C. The commentary is very scholarly yet very simple in style, and exhaustive although omitting a number of Pāṇini's rules. It is the first and oldest existing commentary on the Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī. of Pāṇini, and, in spite of some other commentaries and glosses and other compendia, written later on to explain the Sutras of Panini, it has remained supremely authoritative and furnishes the last and final word in all places of doubt: confer, compare the remarks इति भाष्ये स्थितम्, इत्युक्तं भाष्ये, इत्युक्तमाकरे et cetera, and others scattered here and there in several Vyaakarana treatises forming in fact, the patent words used by commentators when they finish any chain of arguments. Besides commenting on the Sutras of Paanini, Patanjali, the author, has raised many other grammatical issues and after discussing them fully and thoroughly, given his conclusions which have become the final dicta in those matters. The work, in short, has become an encyclopedic one and hence aptly called खनि or अकर. The work is spread over such a wide field of grammatical studies that not a single grammatical issue appears to have been left out. The author appears to have made a close study of the method and explanations of the SUtras of Paanini given at various academies all over the country and incorporated the gist of those studies given in the form of Varttikas at the various places, in his great work He has thoroughly scrutinized and commented upon the Vaarttikas many of which he has approved, some of which he has rejected, and a few of which he has supplementedition Besides the Vaarttikas which are referred to a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. , he has quoted stanzas which verily sum up the arguments in explanation of the difficult sUtras, composed by his predecessors. There is a good reason to believe that there were small glosses or commentaries on the SUtras of Paanini, written by learned teachers at the various academies, and the Vaarttikas formed in a way, a short pithy summary of those glosses or Vrttis. . The explanation of the word वृत्तौ साधु वार्तिकम् given by Kaiyata may be quoted in support of this point. Kaiyata has at one place even stated that the argument of the Bhaasyakaara is in consonance with that of Kuni, his predecessor. The work is divided into eighty five sections which are given the name of lesson or आह्लिक by the author, probably because they form the subject matter of one day's study each, if the student has already made a thorough study of the subject and is very sharp in intelligence. confer, compare अह्ला निर्वृत्तम् आह्लिकम्, (the explanation given by the commentatiors).Many commentary works were written on this magnum opus of Patanjali during the long period of twenty centuries upto this time under the names टीका, टिप्पणी, दीपिका, प्रकाशिका, व्याख्या, रत्नावली, स्पूर्ति, वृत्ति, प्रदीप, व्याख्यानं and the like, but only one of them the 'Pradipa' of कैयटीपाध्याय, is found complete. The learned commentary by Bhartrhari, written a few centuries before the Pradipa, is available only in a fragment and that too, in a manuscript form copied down from the original one from time to time by the scribes very carelessly. Two other commentaries which are comparatively modern, written by Naarayanasesa and Nilakantha are available but they are also incomplete and in a manuscript form. Possibly Kaiyatabhatta's Pradipa threw into the background the commentaries of his predecessors and no grammarian after Kaiyata dared write a commentary superior to Kaiyata's Pradipa or, if he began, he had to abandon his work in the middle. The commentary of Kaiyata is such a scholarly one and so written to the point that later commentators have almost identified the original Bhasya with the commentary Pradipa and many a time expressed the two words Bhasya and Kaiyata in the same breath as भाष्यकैयटयोः ( एतदुक्तम् or स्पष्टमेतत् ). mahābhāṣyadīpikā a very learned old commentary on the Mahabhasya of Patanjali written by the reputed grammarian Bhartrhari or Hari in the seventh century A. D. The commentary has got only one manuscript preserved in Germany available at present, of which photostat copies or ordinary copies are found here and there. The first page of the manuscript is missing and it is incomplete also, the commentary not going beyond the first seven Aahnikas. For details see page 383 Vol. VII Vyaakarana Mahabhasya D. E. Society's edition. mahābhāṣyavyākhyā name given to each of the explanatory glosses on the Mahabhasya written by grammarians prominent of whom were Purusottamadeva, Narayana Sesa, Visnu, Nilakantha and others whose fragmentary works exist in a manuscript form. महामिश्र name of a grammarian who wrote a commentary on Jinendrabuddhi's Nyasa. The commentary is known by the name Vyakaranaprakasa. महाविभाषा a rule laying down an option for several rules in a topic by being present in every rule: confer, compare महाविभाषया वाक्यमपि. विभाषा (P.II.1.11) and समर्थानां प्रथमाद्वा (P. IV.1.82) are some of the rules of this kindeclinable mukhyaviśeṣya the principal word in a sentence which comes last in the technical expression of the import or शाब्दबोध. It is described as primary and not subordinated to any other thing ( अन्याविशेषणीभूत). This मुख्यविशेष्य is, in a way,the crucial point in the various theories of import; exempli gratia, for example according to the grammarians the verbal activity is the principal word while,according to the Mimaamsakas the bhaavanaa is the principal word.and according to the Naiyayikas it is the subject that is the principal word. yuc krt affix यु changed into अन, (1) applied in the sense of 'a habituated agent' to intransitive roots in the sense of movement or utterance, to Atmanepadi roots beginning with a consonant, to the roots जु, चेकम् सृ, शुच्, कुघ्, as also to roots in the sense of decoration: exempli gratia, for example चलन:, शब्दन:: cf P.III. 2. 148-15I: (2) applied to causal roots, as also to the roots आस् श्रन्थ् and others in the sense of verbal activity when the word so formed has always the feminine gender; exempli gratia, for example कारणा, हृरणा, आसना, घट्टना,वेदना et cetera, and others ; confer, compare P.III.3.107 and the Varttikas thereon; (3) applied to roots ending in अा and preceded by the indeclinables ईषद्, दुस् or सु in the sense of easy or difficult for obtainment and, wherever seen to any root in the Vedic language, as also to some other roots as found in actual use in the classical literature; e. g. ईषद्दानो गौर्मवता, दु्ष्पानः, सुपान: et cetera, and others सूपसदन:, दुर्योधनः, दुर्मर्षण: et cetera, and others , confer, compare P.III.8.128-130. yogavibhāga division of a rule which has been traditionally given as one single rule, into two for explaining the formation of certain words, which otherwise are likely to be stamped as ungrammatical formations. The writer of the Varttikas and the author of the Mahabhasya have very frequently taken recourse to this method of योगविभाग; confer, compare P.I.1.3 Vart. 8, I.1.17 Vart.1,I.1.61, Vart. 3; I. 4.59 Vart. 1, II. 4. 2. Vart.2, III.1.67 Vart. 5, III.4.2. Vart. 6, VI.I. I Vart. 5, VI.1.33 Vart.1 et cetera, and others Although this Yogavibhaga is not a happy method of removing difficulties and has to be followed as a last recourse, the Varttikakara has suggested it very often, and sometimes a sutra which is divided by the Varttikakara into two,has been recognised as a couple of sutras in the Sutrapatha which has come down to us at present. lakṣaṇā implication; potentiality of implication; this potentiality of words viz. लक्षणा is not recognised by grammarians as a potentiality different from the अभिधाशक्ति or the power of denotation. Later grammarians, however, like the Ālamkārikas, have used the word in the sense of potentiality of implication as different from that of denotation; confer, compare अन्त्यशब्द लक्षणा न च Paribhāşenduśekhara. vacana (1) literally statement; an authoritative statement made by the authors of the Sutras and the Varttikas as also of the Mahabhasya; confer, compare अस्ति ह्यन्यदेतस्य वचने प्रयोजनम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on Siva Sutra 1 Vart. 1 The word is also used predicatively in the sense of वक्तव्यम् by the Varttikakara; confer, compare ऌति ऌ वावचनम् , ऋति ऋ वावचनम् ; (2) number, such as एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन et cetera, and others ; confer, compare वचनमेकत्वद्वित्वबहुत्वानि Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P.I.2.51 ; cf लुपि युक्तिवद् व्यक्तिवचने | लुकि अभिधेयवल्लिङ्गवचनानि भवन्ति। लवणः सूपः। लवणा यवागू:। M.Bh.on P.I. 2.57; (3) expressive word; confer, compare गुणवचनब्राह्मणादिभ्यः कर्मणि च P. V.1.124 where the Kasika explains the word गुणवचन as गुणमुक्तवन्तो गुणवचनाः; confer, compare also the terms गुणवचन, जातिवचन, क्रियावचन et cetera, and others as classes of words; confer, compare also अभिज्ञावचने लृट् P.III.2.112; (4) that which is uttered; confer, compare मुखनासिकावचनोनुनासिक:। मुखसहिता नासिका मुखनासिका । तया य उच्चार्यते असौ वर्ण: Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P. I.1.8. vararuci (1) a reputed ancient grammarian who is identified with Katyayana, the prominent author of the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini. Both the names वररुचि and कात्यायन are mentioned in commentary works in connection with the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini, and it is very likely that Vararuci was the individual name of the scholar, and Katyayana his family name. The words कात्य and कात्यायन are found used in Slokavarttikas in the Mahabhasya on P.III.2.3 and III.2.118 where references made are actually found in the prose Varttikas (see कविधेो सर्वत्र प्रसारणिभ्यो ड: P.III. 2. 3 Vart and स्मपुरा भूतमात्रे न स्मपुराद्यतने P.III.2.118 Vart. 1)indicating that the Slokavarttikakara believed that the Varttikas were composed by Katyayana. There is no reference at all in the Mahabhasya to Vararuci as a writer of the Varttikas; there is only one reference which shows that there was a scholar by name Vararuci known to Patanjali, but he was a poet; confer, compare वाररुचं काव्यं in the sense of 'composed' ( कृत and not प्रोक्त ) by वररुचि M.Bh. on P. IV. 2.4. ( 2 ) वररुचि is also mentioned as the author of the Prakrta Grammar known by the name प्राकृतप्रकाश or प्राकृतमञ्जरी, This वररुचि, who also was कात्यायन by Gotra name, was a grammarian later than Patanjali, who has been associated with Sarvvarman, (the author of the first three Adhyayas of the Katantra Sutras), as the author of the fourth Adhyaya. Patanjali does not associate वररुचि with Kityayana at alI. His mention of वररुचि as a writer of a Kavya is a sufficient testimony for that. Hence, it appears probable that Katyayana, to whom the authorship of the Vajasaneyi Pratisakhya and many other works allied with Veda has been attributed, was not associated with Vararuci by Patanjali, and it is only the later writers who identified the grammarian Vararuci,who composed the fourth Adhyaya of the Katantra Grammar and wrote a Prakrit Grammar and some other grammar' works, with the ancient revered Katyayana, the author of Varttikas, the Vijasaneyi Pratisakhya and the Puspasutra; (3) There was a comparatively modern grammariannamed वररुचि who wrote a small treatise on genders of words consisting of about 125 stanzas with a commentary named Lingavrtti, possibly written by the author himselfeminine. (4) There was also another modern grammarian by name वररुचि who wrote a work on syntax named प्रयोगमुखमण्डन discuss^ ing the four topics कारक, समास, तद्धित and कृदन्त. varṇārthavattva the theory or view that individual letters are severally possessed of different senses. For instance, the difference in the meanings of the words कूप, यूप, and सृप is due to the difference in their initial letter. The theory is not acceptable to the Vaiyakaranas nor the theory वर्णानर्थवत्व given a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . They follow the theory of संघातार्थवत्त्व i. e. sense given by a group of words together. See M.Bh, on Siva Sutra 5, Varttikas 9 to 15. vākya a sentence giving an idea in a single unit of expression consisting of the verb with its karakas or instruments and adverbs; confer, compare अाख्यातं साब्ययं सकारकं सकारकविशेषणं वाक्यसंज्ञं भवतीति वक्तव्यम् | साव्ययम् | उच्चैः पठति | सकारकम् | ओदनं पचति | Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. II. 1.1. Vart. 10. Regarding the different theoretical ways of the interpretation of a sentence see the word शाब्दबोध. For details, see वाक्यपदीय II. 2 where the different definitions of वाक्य are given and the अखण्डवाक्यस्फोट is established as the sense of a sentence. vākyakāra a term used for a writer who composes a work in pithy, brief assertions in the manner of sutras, such as the Varttikas. The term is found used in Bhartrhari's Mahabhasyadipika where by contrast with the term Bhasyakara it possibly refers to the varttikakara Katyayana; confer, compare एषा भाष्यकारस्य कल्पना न वाक्यकारस्य Bhartrhari Mahabhasyadipika. confer, compare also Nagesa's statement वाक्यकारो वार्तिकरमारभते: confer, compare also चुलुम्पादयो वाक्यकारीया ; Madhaviya Dhatuvrtti. vākyapradīpa a term sometimes seen (wrongly) applied to the Vakyapadiya of Bhartrhari. It may have been the name of the commentary on the vakyaprakasa. vārarucakārikā an ancient grammarwork in verse believed to have been written by an ancient scholar of grammar, who, if not the same as Katyayana who wrote the Varttikas, was his contemporary and to whom the authorship of the Unadi Sutras is ascribed by some scholars. See वररुचि. vārttika a statement which is as much authoritative as the original statement to which it is given as an addition for purposes of correction, completion or explanation. The word is defined by old writers in an often-guoted verseउक्तानुक्तदुरुक्तनां चिन्ता यत्र प्रवर्तते | तं ग्रन्थं वार्तिकं प्राहुर्वार्तिकज्ञा मनीषिण:|This definition fully applies to the varttikas on the Sutras of Panini. The word is explained by Kaiyata as वृत्तौ साधु वार्त्तिकम् which gives strength to the supposition that there were glosses on the Sutras of Panini of which the Varttikas formed a faithful pithy summary of the topics discussedition The word varttika is used in the Mahabhasya at two places only हन्तेः पूर्वविप्रविषेधो वार्तिकेनैव ज्ञापित: M.Bh. on P.III. 4.37 and अपर आह् यद्वार्त्तिक इति M.Bh. on P. II.2.24 Vart. 18. In अपर अहृ यद्वार्त्तिक इति the word is contrasted with the word वृत्तिसूत्र which means the original Sutra (of Panini ) which has been actuaIly quoted, viz. संख्ययाव्ययासन्नाo II.2. 25. Nagesa gives ' सूत्रे अनुक्तदुरुक्तचिन्ताकरत्वं वार्तिक्रत्वम् as the definition of a Varttika which refers only to two out of the three features of the Varttikas stated a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. . If the word उक्त has been omitted with a purpose by Nagesa, the definition may well-nigh lead to support the view that the genuine Varttikapatha of Katyayana consisted of a smaller number of Varttikas which along with a large number of Varttikas of other writers are quoted in the Mahabhasya, without specific names of writers, For details see pages 193-223 Vol. VII Patanjala Mahabhasya, D.E, Society's Edition. vārttikakāra believed to be Katyayana to whom the whole bulk of the Varttikas quoted in the Mahabhasya is attributed by later grammarians. Patafijali gives the word वार्तिककार in four places only (in the Mahabhasya on P.I.1.34, III.1.44: III.2.118 and VII.1.1) out of which his statement स्यादिविधिः पुरान्तः यद्यविशेषणं भवति किं वार्तिककारः प्रातिषेधेनं करोति in explanation of the Slokavarttika स्यादिविधिः...इति हुवता कात्यायनेनेहृ, shows that Patanjali gives कात्यायन as the Varttikakara (of Varttikas in small prose statements) and the Slokavarttika is not composed by Katyayana. As assertions similar to those made by other writers are quoted with the names of their authors ( भारद्वाजीयाः, सौनागाः, कोष्ट्रियाः et cetera, and others ) in the Mahabhasya, it is evident that the Varttikas quoted in the Mahabhasya(even excluding the Slokavarttikas) did not all belong to Katyayana. For details see pp. 193-200, Vol. VII, Vyakarana Mahabhasya, D. E. Society's Edition. vārtikapāṭha the text of the Varttikas as traditionally handed over in the oral recital or in manuscripts As observed a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. (see वार्त्तिक),although a large number of Varttikas quoted in the Mahabhasya are ascribed to Katyayana, the genuine Varttikapatha giving such Varttikas only, as were definitely composed by him, has not been preserved and Nagesa has actually gone to the length of making a statement like " वार्तिकपाठ: भ्रष्टः" ; confer, compare . Mahābhāṣya-Pradīpoddyota by Nāgeśa. on P.I.l.I2 Varttika 6. vikārya literally changeable; that which gets changed in its nature; a variety or subdivision of कर्म or the object confer, compare त्रिविधं कर्म । निर्वर्त्य विकार्य प्राप्यं चेति | Kāśikā of Jayāditya and Vāmana. on P. III. 2.1. The विकार्यकर्म is explained as यस्य प्रकृत्युच्छेदो गुणान्तरं वा उत्पद्यते तद्विकार्यम् ! यथा भुक्त ओदन: | लूयमान: केद[र: | Srngaraprakasa II ; cf also, Vakyapadiya III. 7.78. vibhāga (1) lit, division, splitting; the splitting of a sentence into its constituent parts viz. the words; , the splitting of a word into its constituent parts viz. the base, the affix, the augments and the like: (2) understanding or taking a thing separately from a group of two or more; confer, compare अवश्यं खल्वपि विभज्योपपदग्रहणं कर्तव्यं यो हि बहूनां विभागस्तदर्थम् ! सांकाश्यकेभ्यश्च पाटलिपुत्रकेभ्यश्च माथुरा अभिरूपतराः, Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P.V.3.57: (3) splitting of a Saṁhitā text of the Vedas into the Pada text: confer, compare अथादावुत्तरे विभागे ह्रस्वं व्यञ्जनपरः Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. III.l, where विभाग is explained as पदविभाग by the commentator confer, compare also R.Pr.XVII.15; (4) the capacity of the Kārakas (to show the sense) confer, compare कारकशक्तिः विभागः Kāśikāvivaraṇapañjikā, a commentary on the Kāśikāvṛtti by Jinendrabuddhi, called Nyāsa. on Kāś.I.2.44. vṛttitrayavārtika a very short work in verse-form explaining in a very general manner the nature of Sūtras and Vārttikas; the work is anonymous. vaidyanātha Vaidyanatha Payagunde, a famous grammarian of the eighteenth century, who was one of the chief pupils of Nagesa and who prepared a line of pupils at Varanasi. He has written learned commentaries on standard works on grammar, the principal ones being the Prabha on the Sabdakaustubha, the Bhavaprakasika on the Brhaccabdendusekhara, the Cidasthimala on the LaghuSabdendusekhara, the Kasika or Gada on the Paribhasendusekhara and an independent short treatise named Rapratyaya-khandana vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇa a well-known work on the grammatical interpretation of words written by Kondabhatta as an explanatory work (व्याख्यान) on the small work in verse consisting of only 72 Karikas written by his uncle Bhattoji Diksita. The treatise is also named Brihadvaiyakaranabhusana. A smaller work consisting of the same subjectmatter but omitting discussions, is written by the author for facilitating the understanding of students to which he has given the name Vaiyakarahabhusanasara. This latter work has got three commentary works written on it named Kasika, Kanti and Matonmajja and one more scholarly one Sankari, recently written by Shankar Shastri Marulkar. vaiyākaraṇasiddhāntakārikā a very scholarly work by Bhattoji Diksita on the interpretation of words and sentences, based upon the learned discussions on that subject introduced in the Mahabhasya, Vakyapadiya, Pradipa, et cetera, and others and discussed fully in his Sabdakaustubha by the author himselfeminine. The work although scholarly and valuable, is compressed in only 72 verses ( karikas ) and has to be understood with the help of the Vaiyakaranabhusana or BhuSansara written by Kondabhatta, the nephew of the author. See वैयाकरणभूषण and वैयाकरणभूषणसार. byāḍi name of an ancient grammarian with a sound scholarship in Vedic phonetics, accentuation,derivation of words and their interpretation. He is believed to have been a relative and contemporary of Panini and to have written a very scholarly vast volume on Sanskrit grammar named *Samgraha which is believed to have consisted of a lac of verses; confer, compare संग्रहो व्याडिकृतो लक्षसंख्ये ग्रन्थ: NageSa's Uddyota; confer, compare also इह पुरा पाणिनीये अस्मिन्व्याकरणे ब्याड्युपरचितं लक्षग्रन्थपरिमाणं निबन्धनमासीत् Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari. Tika. The work is not available at present. References to Vyadi or to his work are found in the Pratisakhya works, the Mahabhasya, the Varttikas, the Vakyapadiya and many subsequent treatises. A work on the Vyakarana Paribhasas, believed to have been written by Vyadi, is available by the name परिभाषासूचन which from its style and other peculiarities seems to have been written after the Varttikas, but before the Mahabhasya. Vyadi is well-known to have been the oldest exponent of the doctrine that words denote an individual object and not the genus. For details see pp. 136-8, Vol. 7 Vyakarana Mahabhasya DE. Society's Edition. vyāpya literally that which is occupied; the word refers to a kind of an object where the object is occupied by the verbal activity of the transitive root; the word अाप्य is also used in this sense: confer, compare कर्म निर्वर्त्ये विकार्यं प्राप्यं च ग्रस्य प्रकृत्युच्छेदो गुणान्तरं वोत्पद्यते तद्विकार्यम् SrinagaraPrakasa 2, The term is used as a technical term instead of the term कर्म in the Hemacandra, Candra and other systems of grammar: confer, compare Hemacandra's Śabdānuśāsana. II.2.3;Candra I.1.23. śabda literally "sound" in general; confer, compare शब्दं कुरु शब्दं मा कार्षीः | ध्वनिं कुर्वनेवमुच्यते | M.Bh. in Ahnika I; confer, compare also शब्दः प्रकृतिः सर्ववर्णानाम् | वर्णपृक्तः: शब्दो वाच उत्पत्तिः Taittirīya Prātiśākhya. XXIII.1, XXIII.3.In grammar the word शब्द is applied to such words only as possess sense; confer, compare प्रतीतपदार्थको लोके ध्वनि: शब्द: Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). in Ahnika 1: confer, compare also येनोच्चरितेन अर्थः प्रतीयते स शब्दः Sringara Prakasa I; confer, compare also अथ शब्दानुशासनम् M.Bh. Ahnika 1. In the Vajasaneyi-Pratisakhya, शब्द् is said to be constituted of air as far as its nature is concerned, but it is taken to mean in the Pratisakhya and grammar works in a restricted sense as letters possessed of sense, The vajasaneyiPratisakhya gives four kinds of words तिडू, कृत्, तद्धित and समास while नाम, आख्यात, निपात and उपसर्ग are described to be the four kinds in the Nirukta. As शब्द in grammar, is restricted to a phonetic unit possessed of sense, it can be applied to crude bases, affixes, as also to words that are completely formed with case-endings or personal affixes. In fact, taking it to be applicable to all such kinds, some grammarians have given tweive subdivisions of शब्द, vizप्रक्रुति, प्रत्यय,उपत्कार, उपपद, प्रातिपदिक, विभक्ति, उपसर्जन, समास, पद, वाक्य, प्रकरण and प्रबन्ध; confer, compare Sringara Prakasa I. śabdanityatva the doctrine of the Vaiyakaranas as also of the Mimamsakas that word is permanent, as contrasted with that of tha Naiyayikas who advocate the impermanence of words, śabdānuśāsana literally science of grammar dealing with the formation of words, their accents, and use in a sentence. The word is used in connection with standard works on grammar which are complete and self-sufficient in all the a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. mentioned features. Patanjali has begun his Mahabhasya with the words अथ शब्दानुशासनम् referring possibly to the vast number of Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini, and hence the term शब्दानुशासन according to him means a treatise on the science of grammar made up of the rules of Panini with the explanatory and critical varttikas written by Katyayana and other Varttikakaras.The word शब्दानुशासन later on, became synonymons with Vyakarana and it was given as a title to their treatises by later grammarians, or was applied to the authoritative treatise which introduced a system of grammar, similar to that of Panini. Hemacandra's famous treatise, named सिद्धहैमचन्द्र by the author,came to be known as हैमशब्दानुशासन. Similarly the works on grammar written by पाल्यकीर्तिशाकटायन and देवनन्दिन् were called शाकटायनशब्दानुशासन and जैनेन्द्र' शब्दानुशासन respectively. śabdārthasaṃbandha the connection between a word and its sense which is a permanently established one. According to grammarians,words, their sense and their connection, all the three, are established for ever: confer, compare सिद्धे शव्दार्थसंबन्ध P. I.1. . Varttika 1,and the Bhasya thereon सिद्ध शब्द: अर्थः संबन्धश्चेति | Later grammarians have described twelve kinds of शब्दार्थसंबन्ध viz. अभिधा,विवक्षा, तात्पर्य, प्रविभाग, व्यपेक्ष, सामर्थ्य अन्वय, एकार्थीभाव, दोषहान, गुणोपादान, अलंकारयेाग and रसावियोग: confer, compare Sringaraprakasa.I. śaraṇadeva a prominent grammarian of the Eastern school of Panini's system of grammar who lived in the thirteenth century and wrote works on Panini's grammar. His work named दुर्घटवृत्ति which ex. plains according to Panini's rules, the Varttikas thereon, and the Jnapakas deduced from them,the various words difficult to be explained, is much appreciated by scholars of grammar. He has quoted from a large number of classical works, and referred to many works of the Eastern grammarians who followed the Kasika school. śābdabodhavāda theory of verbal import or congnition; the theories to be noted in this respect are those of the Grammarians, the Naiyayikas and the Mimamsakas, according to whom verb-activity, agent, and injunction stand respectively as the principal factors in a sentence. śivarāmendra ( सरस्वती ) a grammarian who wrote (1) a gloss on the sutras of Panini, (2) a commentary named सिद्धान्तरत्नाकर on the Siddhantakaumudi, and (3) a commentary on the Mahabhasya named Mahabhasyaprakasa. śiṣyahitā (वृत्ति) a work on grammar written by उग्रभूति of which a mention is made by Al Beruni in his work. शी (1) case affix (ई) substituted for the nominative case. plural affix जस् (अस् ) in the declension of the pronouns, when the affix जस् is preceded by the vowel अ; exempli gratia, for example सर्वे, विश्वे; confer, compare kas. on P VII.1.17; (2) case affix (ई ) substituted for औ of the nominative case. and the acc. dual after feminine. bases ending in आ, as also after bases in the neuter gender; exempli gratia, for example खट्वे रमे; कुण्डे, वने; confer, compare Kas on P. VII.1.18, 19. śuklayajuḥprātiśākhya name of the Pratisakhya treatise pertaining to the White Yajurveda which is also called the Vajasaneyi-Pratisakhya. This work appears to be a later one as compared with the other PratiSakhya works and bears much similarity with some of the Sutras of Panini. It is divided into eight chapters by the author and it deals with letters, their origin and their classification, the euphonic and other changes when the Samhita text is rendered into the Pada text, and accents. The work appears to be a common work for all the different branches of the White Yajurveda, being probably based on the individually different Pratisakhya works of the different branches of the Shukla Yajurveda composed in ancient times. Katyayana is traditionally believed to be the author of the work and very likely he was the same Katyayana who wrote the Varttikas on the Sutras of Panini. ślokavārtika Varttika or supplementary rule to Panini's rules laid down by scholars of grammar immediately after Panini, composed in verse form. These Slokavarttikas are quoted in the Mahabhasya at various places and supposed to have been current in the explanations of Panini's Astadhyayi in the days of Patanjali. The word is often used by later commentators. ṣaṭkāraka (1) the six Karakas or instruments of action, which are differently connected with the verbal activity, viz. कर्तृ, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान and अधिकरण; for details see कारक a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ; confer, compare तत्र शक्तिमतो द्रव्यस्य कारकाख्यायामवान्तरव्यापारनिबन्धना षडुपाख्या भवन्ति |कर्ता कर्म करणं संप्रदानमपादानमधिकरणं चेति | Sringara Prakasa IV; (2) a work of the name (षट्कारक) written by a Jain grammarian Mahesanandin. ṣaṭkāraka (1) the six Karakas or instruments of action, which are differently connected with the verbal activity, viz. कर्तृ, कर्म, करण, संप्रदान, अपादान and अधिकरण; for details see कारक a reference to some preceding word, not necessarily on the same page. ; confer, compare तत्र शक्तिमतो द्रव्यस्य कारकाख्यायामवान्तरव्यापारनिबन्धना षडुपाख्या भवन्ति |कर्ता कर्म करणं संप्रदानमपादानमधिकरणं चेति | Sringara Prakasa IV; (2) a work of the name (षट्कारक) written by a Jain grammarian Mahesanandin. ṣaṭkārakanirūpaṇa a work dealing with the six kinds of instruments of the verbal activity ( karakas ) written by Trilokanatha. saṃprasāraṇa literally extension; the process of changing a semi-vowel into a simple vowel of the same sthana or place of utterance; the substitution of the vowels इ, उ, ऋ and लृ for the semi-vowels य्, व् , र् and ल् respectively; cf इग्यणः संप्रसारणम् P. 1.1.45. The term संप्रसारण is rendered as a 'resultant vowel' or as 'an emergent vowel'. The ancient term was प्रसारण and possibly it referred to the extension of य् and व्, into their constituent parts इ +अ, उ+अ et cetera, and others the vowel अ being of a weak grade but becoming strong after the merging of the subseguent vowel into it exempli gratia, for example confer, compare सर्वत्र प्रसारणिभ्यो ड: P. III. 2.8 Vart.1. For the words taking this samprasarana change, see P. VI. 1 .13 to .19. According to some grammarians the term संप्रसारण is applied to the substituted vowels while according to others the term refers to the operation of the substitution: confer, compare Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. I. 1.15. The substitution of the samprasarana vowel is to be given preference in the formation of a word; , confer, compare संप्रसारणं तदाश्रयं च कार्यं बलवत् Pari. Sek. Pari. 1 19. संप्रसारणबलीयस्त्व the relative superior strength of the samprasarana change in comparison with other operations occurring simultaneotisly. The phrase न वा संप्रसारणबलीयस्त्वात् is often used in the Mahabhasya which is based upon the dictum of the superior strength of the samprasarana substitution, which is announced by the writer of the Varttikas; P. VI. 1.17 Vart, 2. , See संप्रसारण. saṃsarge literally contact, connection; (1) contact of the air passing up through the gullet and striking the several places which produce the sound, which is of three kinds, hard, middling and soft; confer, compare संसर्गो वायुस्थानसंसर्गः अभिवातात्मकः स त्रिविधः । अयःपिण्डवद्दारुपिण्डवदूर्णापिण्डवदिति । तदुवतमापिशलशिक्षायाम् । स्पर्शयमवर्णकरो वायुः अय:पिण्डवत्स्थानमापीडयति | अन्तस्थावर्णकरो दांरुपिण्डवत् | ऊष्मस्थस्वरवर्णकर ऊर्णापिण्डवत् commentary on. T, Pr. XXIII. 1 ; ,(2) syntactical connection between words themselves which exists between pairs of words as between nouns and adjectives as also between verbs and the karakas, which is necessary for understanding the meaning of a sentence. Some Mimamsakas and Logicians hold that samsarga itself is the meaning of a sentence. The syntactical relation between two words is described to be of two kinds अभेद-संसर्ग of the type of आधाराधेयभाव and भेदसंसर्ग of the type of विषयविषयिभाव, समवाय, जन्यजनकभाव and the like. saṃsṛṣṭavādipakṣa the theory, that the meaning of a sentence is a novel thing ( अपूर्व ), held by some Mimamsakas who believe that words connected with activity display their phenomenal capacity ( अनुभाविकाशक्ति ) after the recalling of the senses of words by the recalling capacity (स्मारिकाशाक्ति ). sakāraka accompanied by the qualifying words such as the different Karakas or causal agents for the Verbal activity; confer, compare अाख्यातं साव्ययं सकारकं सकारकविशेषणं वाक्यम् । सकारकम् । ओदनं पचति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. II.1.1. Vart. 9. sakāraka accompanied by the qualifying words such as the different Karakas or causal agents for the Verbal activity; confer, compare अाख्यातं साव्ययं सकारकं सकारकविशेषणं वाक्यम् । सकारकम् । ओदनं पचति । Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on P. II.1.1. Vart. 9. samanvayapradīpasaṃketa a treatise on the philosophy of Vyakarana written as a commentary by the author दंवशर्मन् on his own Karikas on the subject. siddha (1) established; the term is used in the sense of नित्य or eternal in the Varttika सिद्धे शब्दार्थसंबन्धे where, as Patanjali has observed, the word सिद्ध meaning नित्य has been purposely put in to mark an auspicious beginning of the शब्दानुशासनशास्त्र which commences with that Varttika; confer, compare माङ्गलिक आचार्यो महतः शास्त्रौघस्य मङ्गलार्थे सिद्धशब्दमादितः प्रयुङ्क्ते M.Bh.on Ahnika 1; (2) established, proved, formed; the word is many times used in this sense in the Mahabhasya, as also in the Varttikas especially when a reply is to be given to an objection; confer, compare P.I. 1.3 Vart. 17, I.1. 4. Vart. 6: I. I. 5, Vart.5,I.1.9 Vart. 2 et cetera, and others saunāga name of a school of ancient grammarians who composed Varttikas in explanation of the sutras of Panini; confer, compare सौनागाः पठन्ति P. III. 2.56 Vart. 1, IV. 1.74 Vart. 1. confer, compare एतदेव सौनागैर्विस्तरतरकेण पठितम् Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali on the Sūtras of Pāṇini (Dr. Kielhorn's edition ). on II. 2.18 Vart. 4. sphoṭavāda a general name given to treatises discussing the nature of Sphota written by the Vaiyakaranas who defend and establish the theory of Sphota and by the Naiyayikas who criticise the theory. Famous among these works are (l) स्फोटवाद by a stalwart Grammarian Kondabhatta, the author of the Vaiyakaramabhusana and (2) स्फोटवाद by NageSa, the reputed grammarian of the eighteenth century. hū the last of the spirant consonants, | which is a glottal, voiced letter called also ऊष्म or spirant of a partial contact, i. e. possessed of the properties कण्ठय, नादानुप्रदान, ऊष्म and ईषत्स्पृष्टत्व. This letter has been given twice in the Paninian alphabet, viz. the Mahesvara Sutras, and the Bhasyakara has given the purpose of it, viz. the technical utility of being included among soft consonants along with semi-vowels, nasals and the fifth, the fourth, and the third class-consonants (हश् अश् et cetera, and others ),as also among the hard consonants along with the fourth and the third class-letters and spirants ( झ्लू, ). The second letter हू in हल् appears, however, to have only a technical utility,as the purpose of its place there among spirants is served by the jihvamuliya and the Upadhmaniya letters which are,in fact, the velar and the labial spirants respectively, besides the other three शू, षू and सू .The Rk Pratisakhya calls ह as a chest sound. For details, see Mahabhasya on the Siva Sutra हयवरट् Varttikas 1, 2 and 3.
kas
sahasā, akas māt, āpātataḥ, añjasā, muhuḥ, sakṛt
vinā kamapi saṅketam।
gṛhāt nirgateṣu asmāsu sahasā eva varṣā prārabhata।
kas
kāñcanāraḥ, kovidāraḥ, camarikaḥ, kuddālaḥ, yugapatrakam, kaṇakārakaḥ, kāntapuṣpaḥ, karakaḥ, kāntāraḥ, yamalacchadaḥ, kāñcanālaḥ, tāmrapuṣpaḥ, kudāraḥ, raktakāñcanaḥ, vidālaḥ, kuṇḍalī, raktapuṣpaḥ, campaḥ, yugapatraḥ, kanakāntakaḥ, kanakārakaḥ, karbudāraḥ, gaṇḍāriḥ, girijaḥ, camarikaḥ, tāmrapuṣpakaḥ, mahāpuṣpaḥ, yugmaparṇaḥ, yugmapatraḥ, varalabdhaḥ, vidalaḥ, śoṇapuṣpakaḥ, satkāñcanāraḥ, siṃhāsyaḥ, hayavāhanasaṅkaraḥ, hayavāhanaśaṅkaraḥ, suvarṇāraḥ, svalpakesarī, āsphotaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ yasya puṣpāṇi śobhanīyāni santi।
udyānapālaḥ kāñcanārasya śākhāṃ adhogṛhītvā puṣpāṇi vicinoti।
kas
spaṣṭīkaraṇam, vyākhyā, prakāśanam, vivaraṇam, vivṛtiḥ, ṭīkā
anyasya avagamanārthe viśadīkaraṇam।
vipakṣeṇa arthanītiprastāvaviṣaye sarvakārāt spaṣṭīkaraṇam abhyarthitam।
kas
kāñcanakandaraḥ, kanakas thalī
suvarṇasya kandaraḥ।
karnāṭakaprānte naike kāñcanakandarāḥ santi।
kas
pṛṣṭhavaṃśaḥ, rīḍhakaḥ, kaśeruḥ, kaśeru, pṛṣṭhāsthiḥ
avayavaviśeṣaḥ- pṛṣṭhasya asthiyuktaḥ vaṃśaḥ।
padmāsane pṛṣṭhavaṃśaṃ saralīkṛtya upaveṣṭavyam।
kas
lokopakāraḥ, janakalyāṇam, janasevā, lokahitam, lokas evā
janānāṃ hitārthā kṛtā kriyā।
lokopakāraṃ kṛtvā ahaṃ sukham anubhavāmi।
kas
pṛṣṭhāsthimān, pṛṣṭhavaṃśaviśiṣṭaḥ, kaśerukī, merudaṇḍī
pṛṣṭhāsthidhārakaḥ prāṇī।
mānavaḥ pṛṣṭhāsthimān jantuḥ asti।
kas
kāṣṭhapañjaram
kāṣṭhasya pañjaram।
tena sārikāpālanārthe kāṣṭhapañjaraṃ krītam।
kas
samīpam, samīpataḥ, sannidhau, nikaṭe, antikam, upānte, abhitaḥ, ārāt, āsanne, sannikṛṣṭam, nikaṣā, adūre, dūrāt, adūrataḥ
svalpe antare।
śyāmasya gṛhasya samīpam eva ekaḥ vidyālayaḥ asti।
kas
nāsikaveṇuḥ, nāsikavaṃśaḥ, nāsikavaṃśī, nāsikamuralī, nāsikas āneyī, nāsikas āneyikā, nāsikavivaranālikā, nāsikadarduraḥ, nāsikanandaḥ
vādyaviśeṣaḥ- vaṃśanālikayā nirmitaṃ tad suṣiravādyam yad aśiyākhaṇḍe keṣucana rāṣṭreṣu nāsikayā vādayati।
saḥ nāsikaveṇoḥ vādane nipuṇaḥ asti।
kas
madhyakālaḥ, kālāntaram, abhyantarakālaḥ, avakāśaḥ, avadhiḥ
krīḍādiṣu bhāgadvayāntargataḥ virāmakālaḥ।
krīḍāyāḥ madhyakāle ahaṃ kaṣāyapānārtham agaccham।
kas
ulkāśma
sā patitā ulkā yā śīlā abhavat।
kadācit rātrau pṛthivīṃ patat ulkāśma dṛśyate।
kas
pākas ādhanam, pākopakaraṇam
pākanirmāṇārthe upayuktaṃ sādhanam।
cullī iti ekaṃ pākasādhanam।
kas
tuvarī, tuvaraḥ, kaṣāya-yāvānalaḥ, rakta-yāvānalaḥ, lohita-kustumburu-dhānyam
sasya-viśeṣaḥ, yasya bījarūpāḥ kaṣāyāḥ yāvānalāḥ bhojane upayujyante।
asmin saṃvatsare tuvaryaḥ sasyaṃ vipulaṃ dṛśyate।
kas
tuvarī, tuvaraḥ, kaṣāya-yāvānalaḥ, rakta-yāvānalaḥ, lohita-kustumburu-dhānyam
dhānya-viśeṣaḥ, kaṣāyo yāvānalaḥ āyurvede asya vātaśamanatva-virecakāditvādayaḥ guṇāḥ proktāḥ।
adya ahaṃ odanena saha tuvarīṃ pacāmi।
kas
kaṣṭena, duḥkhena, kaṣṭaṃ, kṛcchreṇa, kaṭhinataḥ
kāṭhinyena saha।
kaṭhinatayā etad kāryaṃ samāptam।
kas
kāṣṭhapātram
kṛṣīkṣetre jalasiñcanārthe upayuktaṃ kāṣṭhasya pātram।
saḥ kāṣṭhapātreṇa jalaṃ siñcati।
kas
raktaḥ, raktā, raktam, lohitaḥ, lohitā, lohitāhinī, lohitam, raktavarṇaḥ, raktavarṇā, raktavarṇam, lohitavarṇam, rohitaḥ, rohitā, rohitāhinī, śoṇitaḥ, śoṇitā, śoṇitam, śoṇaḥ, śoṇā, śoṇam, śoṇī, sindūravarṇaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ, kaṣāyā, kaṣāyam, mañjiṣṭhaḥ, mañjiṣṭhī, mañjiṣṭham, aruṇaḥ, aruṇā, aruṇam, pāṭalaḥ, pāṭalā, pāṭalam
varṇaviśeṣaḥ, raktasya varṇaḥ iva varṇaḥ।
imaṃ prakoṣṭhaṃ raktena varṇena varṇaya।
kas
makṣikā, bhambhaḥ, nācikā, gandhatotupā, pataṅgikā, pattikā, vamanīyā, palaṅkaṣā
kīṭaviśeṣaḥ pṛṣodaraḥ śabdāyamānaḥ kīṭaḥ।
gomaye makṣikāḥ maśanti। /ārṣabhasya rājarṣermanasāpi mahātmanaḥ nānuvartmārhati nṛpo makṣikevagarutvataḥ।
kas
kusumita, kusumavāna, puṣpita, praphulla, phullavat, puṣpin, vikas in, puṣpada
puṣpaiḥ yuktam।
sītāyāḥ udyāne naikāḥ puṣpitāḥ kṣupāḥ santi।
kas
asthi, asthikam, kulyam, haḍḍam, kīkas am
śarīrasthasaptadhātvantargatadhātuviśeṣaḥ yaḥ śvetaḥ kaṭhinataraśca।
śyāmasya vāmapādasya asthi bhagnam।
kas
akṣakāsthi, grīvāsthi
grīvāyāḥ pārśve vartamānā urasaḥ upari vartamāne dve dhanuṣākāre asthinī।
tasya dakṣiṇam akṣakāsthi bhagnam।
kas
prakāśam, prakaṭam, prākaṭyena, vyaktam, suvyaktam, sphuṭam
sarveṣāṃ purataḥ।
prakāśena tena svasya mataṃ pratipāditam।
kas
ārthikaśoṣaṇam
ārthikarūpeṇa kṛtaṃ śoṣaṇam।
śramikāṇām ārthikaśoṣaṇaṃ prācīnakālāt ārabhya pracalati।
kas
sammilita, sañcita, upacita, samupacita, samūḍha, saṅgūḍha, sambhṛta, sambhūta, ekīkṛta, ekas tha, sannipatita, saṃhata, samaveta, saṅkalita
itastata ākṛṣya ekatra kṛtam nibandhanam ।
aiṣamaḥ kumbhamahāsammelane sammilitānāṃ janānāṃ dhāvaṃ dhāvaṃ jātam।
kas
vāstavikas thānam
yad sthānaṃ vastutaḥ asti।
himālayaparvataḥ iti ekaṃ vāstavikasthānam asti।
kas
śarāvaḥ, puṭakaḥ, ākāśacamasaḥ
ardhagolākṛti laghubhāṇḍam।
biḍālaḥ śarāve sthāpitaṃ dugdhaṃ pibati।
kas
kauśikas aṃhatam
paṭasūtre ācchāditasya suvarṇena rajatena vā kṛtam saṃhatam।
tasyāḥ śāṭīkāyāṃ śobhanīyaṃ kauśikasaṃhatam asti।
kas
anicchayā, aprasannatayā, sakaṣṭam
icchārahitatvena।
śyāmaḥ anicchayā pituḥ kāryaṃ karoti।
kas
nirabhra, anabhra, meghahīna, anākāśa, apaghana, amegha
megharahitaḥ।
nirabhre ākāśe rātrau nakṣatramaṇaḍalaṃ śobhate।
kas
āntarikaśaktiḥ, āntarikaūrjā
jīve vartamānā antarikā śaktiḥ।
ahaṃ pratyekaṃ kāryam āntarikaśaktyā sampādayāmi।
kas
taḍāgaḥ, saraṭhaḥ, hradaḥ, sarovaram, sarovaraḥ, kāsāraḥ, mīnagodhikā
laghuḥ jalāśayaḥ।
saḥ taḍāge matsyāghātaṃ karoti।
kas
tarkaśāstrī, tārkikaḥ, vādikaḥ
tarkaśāstrasya jñātā।
saḥ ekaḥ kuśalaḥ tarkaśāstrī asti।
kas
śaṅkāśīla, śaṅkābuddhi, saṃśayaśīla, saṃśayabuddhi, sandigdhacitta, sandigdhamati, saṃśayālu, śaṅkin, aviśvāsī, kutarkaśīla, kutarkas vabhāva, apratyayī, kuhakacakita
yaḥ na viśvasīti।
saḥ śaṅkāśīlaḥ ataḥ tasya udbodhanena kim।
kas
tejomaṇḍita, tejapūrṇa, kāntimāna, jājvalyamāna, dedīpyamāna, prakāśamāna, divya
tejasā maṇḍitam।
sādhūnāṃ lalāṭaḥ tejomaṇḍitaḥ asti।
kas
duḥkham, pīḍā, bādhā, vyathā, amānasyam, kaṣṭam, kṛccham, ābhīlam, artiḥ, pīḍanam, viheṭhanam, kleśaḥ, āpad
cetasāṃ pratikūlaḥ manodharmaviśeṣaḥ।
janāḥ duḥkhe eva īśvaraṃ smaranti।
kas
kaṣāya
amalakādīnāṃ rasaḥ।
āmalakādīni phalāni kaṣāyasya kārakāṇi।
kas
ākāśayānam, nabhayānam
tat yānam yad ākāśamārgeṇa gacchati।
vimānam ākāśayānam asti।
kas
prākṛtikas thānam
prakṛtyā vinirmitaṃ sthānam।
marusthalam iti ekaṃ prākṛtikasthānam।
kas
aprākṛtikas thānam
tat sthānaṃ yad prākṛtikaṃ nāsti।
vimānapattanam iti aprākṛtikasthānam।
kas
tarkagamya, tarkādhīna, tarkas aṃgata
yad tarkadṛṣṭyā ucitam।
eṣaḥ tarkagamyaḥ viṣayaḥ।
kas
śaṅkhaḥ, kambuḥ, kambojaḥ, abjaḥ, arṇobhavaḥ, pāvanadhvanāḥ, antakuṭilaḥ, mahānādaḥ, śvetaḥ, pūtaḥ, mukharaḥ, dīrghanādaḥ, bahunādaḥ, haripriyaḥ, kas ruḥ, daram, jalajaḥ, revaṭaḥ
jantuviśeṣaḥ, samudrodbhavajantuḥ।
śaṅkhaḥ jalajantuḥ asti। / bhaktatūryaṃ gandhatūryaṃ raṇatūryaṃ mahāsvanaḥ saṃgrāmapaṭahaḥ śaṅkhastathā cābhayaḍiṇḍima।
kas
khagolīyakṣetram, khamaṇḍalam, ākāśamaṇḍalam, nabhamaṇḍalam
tatsthānaṃ yatra khagolīyapiṇḍāḥ santi।
śyāmaḥ khagolīyakṣetrasya viṣaye jñātum icchati।
kas
kuṅkumam, vāhnīkam, vāhnikam, varavāhnīkam, agniśikham, varaḥ, varam, baraḥ, baram, kāśmīrajanma, kāśmīrajaḥ, pītakam, pītanam, pītacandanam, pītakāveram, kāveram, raktasaṃjñam, raktam, śoṇitam, lohitam, lohitacandanam, gauram, haricandanam, ghusṛṇam, jāguḍam, saṅkocam, piśunam, ghīram, kucandanam
puṣpaviśeṣaḥ।
mahyaṃ kāśmīrajena yuktā kulphīprakāraḥ rocate।
kas
kāṣṭhīyapādapaḥ
kaṭhorakāṣṭhīyaḥ kośikāyuktaḥ pādapaḥ।
āmraḥ kāṣṭhīyapādapaḥ asti।
kas
prakāśamat, ālokita, jyotita, jyotiṣmat, dīptimat, dyumat
prakāśena yuktaḥ।
eṣaḥ kakṣaḥ prakāśamānaḥ asti।
kas
kāyikas aṃracanā
śarīrasya jaṭilā saṃracanā।
tasya kāyikasaṃracanā atīva dṛḍhā asti।
kas
puṣpita, kusumita, praphullita, praphulita, smita, vikas ita
gātrāṇāṃ dalānāṃ vā anyonyaviśleṣaḥ।
sūryodaye padmaṃ phullaṃ bhavati।
kas
paurāṇikas trī
sā strī yasyāḥ varṇanaṃ purāṇeṣu dhārmikagrantheṣu prāpyate।
gāndhārī kuntī paurāṇikastriyau staḥ।
kas
sāraḥ, niṣkarṣaḥ, niryāsaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ, nirgalitārthaḥ, maṇḍaḥ, rasaḥ
vicāre sthirāṃśaḥ।
horāṃ yāvad prayatnāt anantaraṃ eva vayam asya lekhasya sāraṃ lekhitum aśaknuma।
kas
saṅgrahālayaḥ, kautukāgāraḥ, kautukālayaḥ, kautukas aṅgrahālayaḥ, durlabhadravyāgāram
durlabhavastusaṅgrahasthānam।
asmin saṅgrahālaye mugalakālīnavastūnāṃ saṅgrahaḥ asti।
kas
jalam, vāri, ambu, ambhaḥ, payaḥ, salilam, sarilam, udakam, udam, jaḍam, payas, toyam, pānīyam, āpaḥ, nīram, vāḥ, pāthas, kīlālam, annam, apaḥ, puṣkaram, arṇaḥ, peyam, salam, saṃvaram, śaṃvaram, saṃmbam, saṃvatsaram, saṃvavaraḥ, kṣīram, pāyam, kṣaram, kamalam, komalam, pīvā, amṛtam, jīvanam, jīvanīyam, bhuvanam, vanam, kabandham, kapandham, nāram, abhrapuṣpam, ghṛtam, kaṃ, pīppalam, kuśam, viṣam, kāṇḍam, savaram, saram, kṛpīṭam, candrorasam, sadanam, karvuram, vyoma, sambaḥ, saraḥ, irā, vājam, tāmarasa, kambalam, syandanam, sambalam, jalapītham, ṛtam, ūrjam, komalam, somam, andham, sarvatomukham, meghapuṣpam, ghanarasaḥ, vahnimārakaḥ, dahanārātiḥ, nīcagam, kulīnasam, kṛtsnam, kṛpīṭam, pāvanam, śaralakam, tṛṣāham, kṣodaḥ, kṣadmaḥ, nabhaḥ, madhuḥ, purīṣam, akṣaram, akṣitam, amba, aravindāni, sarṇīkam, sarpiḥ, ahiḥ, sahaḥ, sukṣema, sukham, surā, āyudhāni, āvayāḥ, induḥ, īm, ṛtasyayoniḥ, ojaḥ, kaśaḥ, komalam, komalam, kṣatram, kṣapaḥ, gabhīram, gambhanam, gahanam, janma, jalāṣam, jāmi, tugryā, tūyam, tṛptiḥ, tejaḥ, sadma, srotaḥ, svaḥ, svadhā, svargāḥ, svṛtikam, haviḥ, hema, dharuṇam, dhvasmanvatu, nāma, pavitram, pāthaḥ, akṣaram, pūrṇam, satīnam, sat, satyam, śavaḥ, śukram, śubham, śambaram, vūsam, vṛvūkam, vyomaḥ, bhaviṣyat, vapuḥ, varvuram, varhiḥ, bhūtam, bheṣajam, mahaḥ, mahat, mahaḥ, mahat, yaśaḥ, yahaḥ, yāduḥ, yoniḥ, rayiḥ, rasaḥ, rahasaḥ, retam
sindhuhimavarṣādiṣu prāptaḥ dravarupo padārthaḥ yaḥ pāna-khāna-secanādyartham upayujyate।
jalaṃ jīvanasya ādhāram। /ajīrṇe jalam auṣadhaṃ jīrṇe balapradam। āhārakāle āyurjanakaṃ bhuktānnopari rātrau na peyam।
kas
avakāśaḥ, avasaraḥ, sāvakāśatā, viśrāmaḥ
viśrānteḥ samayaḥ।
avakāśe milatu।
kas
prakāśaḥ, dyutiḥ, dīptiḥ, tejaḥ, pradīpaḥ, jyotiḥ, jyotiḥ, prabhā, ābhā, chaviḥ, ālokaḥ, ruciḥ, ruc, kāntiḥ, chaṭā, nibhā, bhā, bhāḥ, chāyā, tviṣā, tviṣ, śociḥ, śobhā, varcaḥ, mahaḥ, dyotaḥ, dūśānam, marīciḥ, jhallikā
sā śaktiḥ tattvaṃ vā yayā anyāni vastūni dṛggocarāṇi bhavanti।
sūryasya āgamanena diśaḥ prakāśeṇa kāsyanti।
kas
śivaḥ, śambhuḥ, īśaḥ, paśupatiḥ, pinākapāṇiḥ, śūlī, maheśvaraḥ, īśvaraḥ, sarvaḥ, īśānaḥ, śaṅkaraḥ, candraśekharaḥ, phaṇadharadharaḥ, kailāsaniketanaḥ, himādritanayāpatiḥ, bhūteśaḥ, khaṇḍaparaśuḥ, girīśaḥ, giriśaḥ, mṛḍaḥ, mṛtyañjayaḥ, kṛttivāsāḥ, pinākī, prathamādhipaḥ, ugraḥ, kapardī, śrīkaṇṭhaḥ, śitikaṇṭhaḥ, kapālabhṛt, vāmadevaḥ, mahādevaḥ, virūpākṣaḥ, trilocanaḥ, kṛśānuretāḥ, sarvajñaḥ, dhūrjaṭiḥ, nīlalohitaḥ, haraḥ, smaraharaḥ, bhargaḥ, tryambakaḥ, tripurāntakaḥ, gaṅgādharaḥ, andhakaripuḥ, kratudhvaṃsī, vṛṣadhvajaḥ, vyomakeśaḥ, bhavaḥ, bhaumaḥ, sthāṇuḥ, rudraḥ, umāpatiḥ, vṛṣaparvā, rerihāṇaḥ, bhagālī, pāśucandanaḥ, digambaraḥ, aṭṭahāsaḥ, kālañjaraḥ, purahiṭ, vṛṣākapiḥ, mahākālaḥ, varākaḥ, nandivardhanaḥ, hīraḥ, vīraḥ, kharuḥ, bhūriḥ, kaṭaprūḥ, bhairavaḥ, dhruvaḥ, śivipiṣṭaḥ, guḍākeśaḥ, devadevaḥ, mahānaṭaḥ, tīvraḥ, khaṇḍaparśuḥ, pañcānanaḥ, kaṇṭhekālaḥ, bharuḥ, bhīruḥ, bhīṣaṇaḥ, kaṅkālamālī, jaṭādharaḥ, vyomadevaḥ, siddhadevaḥ, dharaṇīśvaraḥ, viśveśaḥ, jayantaḥ, hararūpaḥ, sandhyānāṭī, suprasādaḥ, candrāpīḍaḥ, śūladharaḥ, vṛṣāṅgaḥ, vṛṣabhadhvajaḥ, bhūtanāthaḥ, śipiviṣṭaḥ, vareśvaraḥ, viśveśvaraḥ, viśvanāthaḥ, kāśīnāthaḥ, kuleśvaraḥ, asthimālī, viśālākṣaḥ, hiṇḍī, priyatamaḥ, viṣamākṣaḥ, bhadraḥ, ūrddharetā, yamāntakaḥ, nandīśvaraḥ, aṣṭamūrtiḥ, arghīśaḥ, khecaraḥ, bhṛṅgīśaḥ, ardhanārīśaḥ, rasanāyakaḥ, uḥ, hariḥ, abhīruḥ, amṛtaḥ, aśaniḥ, ānandabhairavaḥ, kaliḥ, pṛṣadaśvaḥ, kālaḥ, kālañjaraḥ, kuśalaḥ, kolaḥ, kauśikaḥ, kṣāntaḥ, gaṇeśaḥ, gopālaḥ, ghoṣaḥ, caṇḍaḥ, jagadīśaḥ, jaṭādharaḥ, jaṭilaḥ, jayantaḥ, raktaḥ, vāraḥ, vilohitaḥ, sudarśanaḥ, vṛṣāṇakaḥ, śarvaḥ, satīrthaḥ, subrahmaṇyaḥ
devatāviśeṣaḥ- hindūdharmānusāraṃ sṛṣṭeḥ vināśikā devatā।
śivasya arcanā liṅgarūpeṇa pracalitā asti।
kas
cināṃśukāstaraṇam
cināṃśukasya āstaraṇam।
cināṃśukāstaraṇam mahārgham asti।
kas
tamomaya, tāmasa, tāmasika, tamasvin, sāndhakāra, satimira, tamovṛta, tamobhūta, nirāloka, aprakāśa, hatajyotis
andhakāreṇa yuktaḥ।
kṛṣṇasya janma bhādrapadamāsasya tamomayyāṃ rātrau abhavat।
kas
nabhaḥ, gaganam, ākāśaḥ, ambaram, abhram, dyoḥ, dyauḥ, puṣkaram, antarīkṣam, antarikṣam, anantam, yuravartmam, khaṃ, viyat, viṣṇupadam, vihāyaḥ, nākaḥ, anaṅgaḥ, nabhasam, meghaveśma, mabāvilam, marudvartama, meghavartma, triviṣṭapam, abbhaṃ
pṛthivyāḥ ūrdhvaṃ dṛśyamānaḥ avakāśaḥ।
vidyādharāḥ nabhasi carantiḥ।
kas
kas tūrī, kuraṅganābhi
naramṛgasya nābhyāṃ sthitaḥ ekaṃ sugandhidravyam।
kasturyāḥ sugandhaḥ tasmai rocate।
kas
keśaraḥ, kesaraḥ, agnisekharaḥ, ambaram, asṛk, kanakagauram, kāntam, kāleyam, kāveram, kāśmīra, kucandanam, kusumātmakam, kesaravara, goravaḥ, gauram, ghasram, ghusṛṇam
kṣupaviśeṣaḥ śītapradeśe jātaḥ kṣupaḥ yaḥ sugandhārthe khyātaḥ।
keśarāt prāptaḥ sugandhitaḥ padārthaḥ dhārmikakārye api upayujyate।
kas
viṣṇuḥ, nārāyaṇaḥ, kṛṣṇaḥ, vaikuṇṭhaḥ, viṣṭaraśravāḥ, dāmodaraḥ, hṛṣīkeśaḥ, keśavaḥ, mādhavaḥ, svabhūḥ, daityāriḥ, puṇḍarīkākṣaḥ, govindaḥ, garuḍadhvajaḥ, pītāmbaraḥ, acyutaḥ, śārṅgī, viṣvaksenaḥ, janārdanaḥ, upendraḥ, indrāvarajaḥ, cakrapāṇiḥ, caturbhujaḥ, padmanābhaḥ, madhuripuḥ, vāsudevaḥ, trivikramaḥ, daivakīnandanaḥ, śauriḥ, śrīpatiḥ, puruṣottamaḥ, vanamālī, balidhvaṃsī, kaṃsārātiḥ, adhokṣajaḥ, viśvambharaḥ, kaiṭabhajit, vidhuḥ, śrīvatsalāñachanaḥ, purāṇapuruṣaḥ, vṛṣṇiḥ, śatadhāmā, gadāgrajaḥ, ekaśṛṅgaḥ, jagannāthaḥ, viśvarūpaḥ, sanātanaḥ, mukundaḥ, rāhubhedī, vāmanaḥ, śivakīrtanaḥ, śrīnivāsaḥ, ajaḥ, vāsuḥ, śrīhariḥ, kaṃsāriḥ, nṛhariḥ, vibhuḥ, madhujit, madhusūdanaḥ, kāntaḥ, puruṣaḥ, śrīgarbhaḥ, śrīkaraḥ, śrīmān, śrīdharaḥ, śrīniketanaḥ, śrīkāntaḥ, śrīśaḥ, prabhuḥ, jagadīśaḥ, gadādharaḥ, ajitaḥ, jitāmitraḥ, ṛtadhāmā, śaśabinduḥ, punarvasuḥ, ādidevaḥ, śrīvarāhaḥ, sahasravadanaḥ, tripāt, ūrdhvadevaḥ, gṛdhnuḥ, hariḥ, yādavaḥ, cāṇūrasūdanaḥ, sadāyogī, dhruvaḥ, hemaśaṅkhaḥ, śatāvarttī, kālanemiripuḥ, somasindhuḥ, viriñciḥ, dharaṇīdharaḥ, bahumūrddhā, vardhamānaḥ, śatānandaḥ, vṛṣāntakaḥ, rantidevaḥ, vṛṣākapiḥ, jiṣṇuḥ, dāśārhaḥ, abdhiśayanaḥ, indrānujaḥ, jalaśayaḥ, yajñapuruṣaḥ, tārkṣadhvajaḥ, ṣaḍbinduḥ, padmeśaḥ, mārjaḥ, jinaḥ, kumodakaḥ, jahnuḥ, vasuḥ, śatāvartaḥ, muñjakeśī, babhruḥ, vedhāḥ, prasniśṛṅgaḥ, ātmabhūḥ, suvarṇabinduḥ, śrīvatsaḥ, gadābhṛt, śārṅgabhṛt, cakrabhṛt, śrīvatsabhṛt, śaṅkhabhṛt, jalaśāyī, muramardanaḥ, lakṣmīpatiḥ, murāriḥ, amṛtaḥ, ariṣṭanemaḥ, kapiḥ, keśaḥ, jagadīśaḥ, janārdanaḥ, jinaḥ, jiṣṇuḥ, vikramaḥ, śarvaḥ
devatāviśeṣaḥ hindudharmānusāraṃ jagataḥ pālanakartā।
ekādaśastathā tvaṣṭā dvādaśo viṣṇurucyate jaghanyajastu sarveṣāmādityānāṃ guṇādhikaḥ।
kas
sūryaḥ, savitā, ādityaḥ, mitraḥ, aruṇaḥ, bhānuḥ, pūṣā, arkaḥ, hiraṇyagarbhaḥ, pataṅgaḥ, khagaḥ, sahasrāṃśuḥ, dinamaṇiḥ, marīci, mārtaṇḍa, divākaraḥ, bhāskaraḥ, prabhākaraḥ, vibhākaraḥ, vivasvān, saptāśvaḥ, haridaśvaḥ, citrarathaḥ, saptasaptiḥ, dinamaṇi, dyumaṇiḥ, divāmaṇiḥ, khamaṇiḥ, khadyotaḥ, pradyotanaḥ, ambarīśaḥ, aṃśahastaḥ, lokabāndhavaḥ, jagatcakṣuḥ, lokalocanaḥ, kālakṛtaḥ, karmasākṣī, gopatiḥ, gabhastiḥ, gabhastimān, gabhastihastaḥ, graharājaḥ, caṇḍāṃśu, aṃśumānī, uṣṇaraśmiḥ, tapanaḥ, tāpanaḥ, jyotiṣmān, mihiraḥ, avyayaḥ, arciḥ, padmapāṇiḥ, padminīvallabhaḥ, padmabandhuḥ, padminīkāntaḥ, padmapāṇiḥ, hiraṇyaretaḥ, kāśyapeyaḥ, virocanaḥ, vibhāvasuḥ, tamonudaḥ, tamopahaḥ, citrabhānuḥ, hariḥ, harivāhanaḥ, grahapatiḥ, tviṣāmpatiḥ, ahaḥpatiḥ, vṛdhnaḥ, bhagaḥ, agaḥ, adriḥ, heliḥ, tarūṇiḥ, śūraḥ, dinapraṇīḥ, kuñjāraḥ, plavagaḥ, sūnuḥ, rasādhāraḥ, pratidivā, jyotipīthaḥ, inaḥ, vedodayaḥ, papīḥ, pītaḥ, akūpāraḥ, usraḥ, kapilaḥ
pṛthivyāḥ nikaṭatamaḥ atitejasvī khagolīyaḥ piṇḍaḥ yaṃ paritaḥ pṛthvyādigrahāḥ bhramanti। tathā ca yaḥ ākāśe suvati lokam karmāṇi prerayati ca।
sūryaḥ sauryāḥ ūrjāyāḥ mahīyaḥ srotaḥ।/ sūrye tapatyāvaraṇāya dṛṣṭaiḥ kalpeta lokasya kathaṃ tamitsrā।
kas
candraḥ, kalānāthaḥ, kalādharaḥ, himāṃśuḥ, candramāḥ, kumudabāndhavaḥ, vidhuḥ, sudhāṃśuḥ, śubhrāṃśuḥ, oṣadhīśaḥ, niśāpatiḥ, abjaḥ, jaivātṛkaḥ, glauḥ, mṛgāṅkaḥ, dvijarājaḥ, śaśadharaḥ, nakṣatreśaḥ, kṣapākaraḥ, doṣākaraḥ, niśīthinīnāthaḥ, śarvarīśaḥ, eṇāṅkaḥ, śītaraśmiḥ, samudranavanītaḥ, sārasaḥ, śvetavāhanaḥ, nakṣatranāmiḥ, uḍupaḥ, sudhāsūtiḥ, tithipraṇīḥ, amatiḥ, candiraḥ, citrāṭīraḥ, pakṣadharaḥ, rohiṇīśaḥ, atrinetrajaḥ, pakṣajaḥ, sindhujanmā, daśāśvaḥ, māḥ, tārāpīḍaḥ, niśāmaṇiḥ, mṛgalāñchanaḥ, darśavipat, chāyāmṛgadharaḥ, grahanemiḥ, dākṣāyaṇīpati, lakṣmīsahajaḥ, sudhākaraḥ, sudhādhāraḥ, śītabhānuḥ, tamoharaḥ, tuśārakiraṇaḥ, pariḥ, himadyutiḥ, dvijapatiḥ, viśvapsā, amṛtadīdhitiḥ, hariṇāṅkaḥ, rohiṇīpatiḥ, sindhunandanaḥ, tamonut, eṇatilakaḥ, kumudeśaḥ, kṣīrodanandanaḥ, kāntaḥ, kalāvān, yāminījatiḥ, sijraḥ, mṛgapipluḥ, sudhānidhiḥ, tuṅgī, pakṣajanmā, abdhīnavanītakaḥ, pīyūṣamahāḥ, śītamarīciḥ, śītalaḥ, trinetracūḍāmaṇiḥ, atrinetrabhūḥ, sudhāṅgaḥ, parijñāḥ, sudhāṅgaḥ, valakṣaguḥ, tuṅgīpatiḥ, yajvanāmpatiḥ, parvvadhiḥ, kleduḥ, jayantaḥ, tapasaḥ, khacamasaḥ, vikas aḥ, daśavājī, śvetavājī, amṛtasūḥ, kaumudīpatiḥ, kumudinīpatiḥ, bhūpatiḥ, dakṣajāpatiḥ, oṣadhīpatiḥ, kalābhṛt, śaśabhṛt, eṇabhṛt, chāyābhṛt, atridṛgjaḥ, niśāratnam, niśākaraḥ, amṛtaḥ, śvetadyutiḥ, hariḥ
khagolīyapiṇḍaḥ yaḥ pṛthvīṃ paribhramati।
adhunā mānavaḥ candrasya pṛṣṭhabhāgaṃ gatvā saṃśodhanaṃ karoti।
kas
kas tūrīmṛgaḥ, gandhamṛgaḥ, puṣkalakaḥ
śītapradeśe vartamānaḥ mṛgaḥ yasmāt kastūrī prāpyate।
kastūrīmṛgaḥ kastūrīgandhena muhyati।
kas
gopanīya, goptavya, aprakaṭya, gopya, aprakāśya
yad guptārham।
eṣā gopanīyā vārtā rāmāya mā kathaya।
kas
ākas mika, anapekṣita, acintita, apratyāśita
akasmād udbhavam।
sohanasya ākasmikena mṛtyunā āghātitam tasya gṛham।
kas
apakva, aparipakva, āma, esiddha, apariṇata, śalāṭu, kaṣaṇa, aparipūta
yaḥ na pakvaḥ।
śyāmaḥ apakvaṃ phalam atti।
kas
aguru, vaṃśikam, rājārham, loham, kṛmijam, joṅgakam, kṛṣṇam, tohākhyam, laghu, pītakam, varṇaprasādanam, anārthakam, asāram, kṛmijagdham, kāṣṭhakam
kāṣṭhaviśeṣaḥ, sugandhikāṣṭhaviśeṣaḥ, āyurvede asya guṇāḥ tiktatvaṃ, lepe rūkṣatvam,vraṇakaphavāyuvāntimukharoganāsitvādi;
agurū pravaṇaṃ lohaṃ rājārhaṃ yogajam tathā vaṃśikaṃ kṛmijañcāpi kṛmijagdhamanāryakam।
kas
pragatiśīla, unnataśīla, vikāsaśīla, unnatiśīla, utthānaśīla, abhyutthāyī
yaḥ unnatiṃ karoti।
bhāratadeśaḥ pragatiśīlaḥ deśaḥ।
kas
kṣubh, vikṣubh, saṃkṣubh, akas māt kṣubh, ākas mikatrāsaṃ kṛ, bībhatsaṃ jan
bhayopajanitaḥ kampanānukūlaḥ ākasmikaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
kvacit rātrau duḥsvapnaṃ dṛṣṭvā bālāḥ kṣubhyanti।
kas
vikas ita, unnata
yasya vardhanaṃ jātaṃ vā unnatiḥ jātā।
amerikā vikasitaṃ rāṣṭram।
kas
dyutiḥ, ābhā, dīptiḥ, ratnadyutiḥ, ratnadīptiḥ, ratnaprabhā, ratnakiraṇaḥ, prakāśaḥ
ratnasya śobhā prakāśaḥ ca।
saḥ cauraḥ tasya suvarṇakārasya āpaṇād prāptānām ratnānāṃ dyutiṃ dṛṣṭvā harṣabharitaḥ abhavat।
kas
śaṅkanīya, saṃśayastha, sandehāspada, saṃśayāspada, śaṅkāspada
yasyopari sandehaḥ asti।
asya hatyāyāḥ śaṅkanīyaḥ vyaktiḥ harinārāyaṇaḥ asti।
kas
sāgaraḥ, samudraḥ, abdhiḥ, akūpāraḥ, pārāvāraḥ, saritpatiḥ, udanvān, udadhiḥ, sindhuḥ, sarasvān, sāgaraḥ, arṇavaḥ, ratnākaraḥ, jalanidhiḥ, yādaḥpatiḥ, apāmpatiḥ, mahākacchaḥ, nadīkāntaḥ, tarīyaḥ, dvīpavān, jalendraḥ, manthiraḥ, kṣauṇīprācīram, makarālayaḥ, saritāmpatiḥ, jaladhiḥ, nīranijhiḥ, ambudhiḥ, pāthondhiḥ, pādhodhiḥ, yādasāmpatiḥ, nadīnaḥ, indrajanakaḥ, timikoṣaḥ, vārāṃnidhiḥ, vārinidhiḥ, vārdhiḥ, vāridhiḥ, toyanidhiḥ, kīlāladhiḥ, dharaṇīpūraḥ, kṣīrābdhiḥ, dharaṇiplavaḥ, vāṅkaḥ, kacaṅgalaḥ, peruḥ, mitadruḥ, vāhinīpatiḥ, gaṅagādharaḥ, dāradaḥ, timiḥ, prāṇabhāsvān, urmimālī, mahāśayaḥ, ambhonidhiḥ, ambhodhiḥ, tariṣaḥ, kūlaṅkaṣaḥ, tāriṣaḥ, vārirāśiḥ, śailaśiviram, parākuvaḥ, tarantaḥ, mahīprācīram, sarinnāthaḥ, ambhorāśiḥ, dhunīnāthaḥ, nityaḥ, kandhiḥ, apānnāthaḥ
bhūmeḥ paritaḥ lavaṇayuktā jalarāśiḥ।
sāgare mauktikāni santi।
kas
ārdrakam, śṛṅgaveram, aṅgalodmaḥ, gulmamūlam, apākaśākam
kṣupaviśeṣaḥ saḥ kṣupaḥ yasya kaṭumūlaṃ bheṣajarūpeṇa upaskārarūpeṇa vā upayujyate।
ārdrakasya mūlaṃ śarīrāya atīva upayuktam।
kas
apuṣpita, avikas ita, mukulita, aphulla, asphuṭa
yaḥ puṣpitaḥ nāsti।
apuṣpitaṃ puṣpaṃ mā utpāṭaya।
kas
indraḥ, devarājaḥ, jayantaḥ, ṛṣabhaḥ, mīḍhvān, marutvān, maghavā, viḍojā, pākaśāsanaḥ, vṛddhaśravāḥ, sunāsīraḥ, puruhūtaḥ, purandaraḥ, jiṣṇuḥ, lekharṣabhaḥ, śakraḥ, śatamanyuḥ, divaspatiḥ, sutrāmā, gotrabhit, vajrī, vāsavaḥ, vṛtrahā, vṛṣā, vāstospatiḥ, surapatiḥ, balārātiḥ, śacīpatiḥ, jambhabhedī, harihayaḥ, svārāṭ, namucisūdanaḥ, saṃkrandanaḥ, duścyavanaḥ, turāṣāṭ, meghavāhanaḥ, ākhaṇḍalaḥ, sahastrākṣaḥ, ṛbhukṣā, mahendraḥ, kośikaḥ, pūtakratuḥ, viśvambharaḥ, hariḥ, purudaṃśā, śatadhṛtiḥ, pṛtanāṣāḍ, ahidviṣaḥ, vajrapāṇiḥ, devarājaḥ, parvatāriḥ, paryaṇyaḥ, devatādhipaḥ, nākanāthaḥ, pūrvadikkapatiḥ, pulomāriḥ, arhaḥ, pracīnavarhiḥ, tapastakṣaḥ, biḍaujāḥ, arkaḥ, ulūkaḥ, kaviḥ, kauśikaḥ, jiṣṇuḥ
sā devatā yā svargasya adhipatiḥ iti manyate।
vedeṣu indrasya sūktāni santi।
kas
unnatiḥ, pragatiḥ, vikāsaḥ, abhyudayaḥ, unnayanam
vartamānāvasthāyāḥ apekṣayā unnatāvasthāṃ prati gamanam।
bhāratadeśasya unnatiṃ bhāratīyāḥ eva kurvanti।
kas
duḥkhada, duḥkhadāyin, duḥkhaprada, khedajanaka, kaṣṭadāyaka
yaḥ duḥkhaṃ dadāti।
pitroḥ sevā na kariṣyasi eṣā duḥkhadā vārtā।
kas
aruṇaḥ, kāśyapiḥ, anūruḥ, sūrasūtaḥ, garuḍāgrajaḥ, ramaṇaḥ
dharmagranthānusāreṇa ekā devatā yā sūryasya sārathiḥ āsīt।
aruṇaḥ kaśyapasya putraḥ āsīt।
kas
raktaḥ, raktā, raktam, raktavarṇīyaḥ, raktavarṇīyā, raktavarṇīyam, lohitaḥ, lohitā, lohitāhinī, lohitam, raktavarṇaḥ, raktavarṇā, raktavarṇam, lohitavarṇam, rohitaḥ, rohitā, rohitāhinī, śoṇitaḥ, śoṇitā, śoṇitam, śoṇaḥ, śoṇā, śoṇam, śoṇī, sindūravarṇaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ, kaṣāyā, kaṣāyam, mañjiṣṭhaḥ, mañjiṣṭhī, mañjiṣṭham, aruṇaḥ, aruṇā, aruṇam, pāṭalaḥ, pāṭalā, pāṭalam
vastūnāṃ raktaguṇatvadyotanārthe upayujyamānaṃ viśeṣaṇam।
rakte guṇe tatvaṃ raktam iti ucyate।
kas
lākṣā, rākṣā, jatu, yāvaḥ, alaktaḥ, drumāmayaḥ, raṅgamātā, khadirikā, raktā, palaṅkaṣā, krimihā, drumavyādhiḥ, alaktakaḥ, palāśī, mudriṇī, dīptiḥ, jantukā, gandhamādinī, nīlā, dravarasā, pittāriḥ
raktavarṇīyaḥ padārthaḥ yaḥ viśiṣṭe vṛkṣe raktavarṇīyābhiḥ kṛmibhiḥ nirmīyate।
duryodhanena pāṇḍavān hantuṃ lākṣāyāḥ gṛhaṃ nirmitam।
kas
paurāṇikas thānam
tat sthānaṃ yasya varṇanaṃ dharmagrantheṣu prāpyate।
svargaḥ ekaṃ paurāṇikasthānam asti।
kas
amaravallī, amaravallarī, ākāśavallī
vṛkṣādiṣu vartamānā latā yasya mūlaṃ tathā ca parṇāni na santi।
vane naikeṣu vṛkṣeṣu amaravallī vartate।
kas
avakāśānumatiḥ, virāmānumatiḥ
virāmāya anumatiḥ।
gṛhaṃ gantuṃ bhavatā pañcadaśa dināt pūrvameva avakāśānumatiḥ grahītavyā।
kas
avakāśaḥ, anadhyāyaḥ
viśiṣṭe dine niyamena kṛtaḥ virāmaḥ।
bhāratadeśasya śāsanena bhānuvāsare avakāśaḥ ghoṣitaḥ।
kas
uddīpaya, dīpaya, ādīpaya, anubhrāj, jvalaya, ujjvalaya, abhijvalaya, saṃjvalaya, sañjvalaya, udbhāsaya, ābhāsaya, avabhāsaya, dyotaya, nirbhāsaya, prabhāsaya, prarocaya, bhāsaya, bhrājaya, vidīpaya, vikāśaya, virocaya, abhikāś, abhivibhā, ātan
prakāśanapreraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
paṭhanasamaye saḥ vātapracālitaṃ dīpam ujjvalayati।
kas
asuraḥ, daityaḥ, daiteyaḥ, danujaḥ, indrāriḥ, dānavaḥ, śukraśiṣyaḥ, ditisutaḥ, pūrvadevaḥ, suradviṭ, devaripuḥ, devāriḥ, kauṇapaḥ, kravyāt, kravyādaḥ, asrapaḥ, āśaraḥ, rātriñcaraḥ, rātricaraḥ, kavvūraḥ, nikaṣātmajaḥ, yātudhānaḥ, puṇyajanaḥ, nairṛtaḥ, yātuḥ, rakṣaḥ, sandhyābalaḥ, kṣapāṭaḥ, rajanīcaraḥ, kīlāpāḥ, nṛcakṣāḥ, naktañcaraḥ, palāśī, palāśaḥ, bhūtaḥ, nīlāmbaraḥ, kalmāṣaḥ, kaṭaprūḥ, agiraḥ, kīlālapaḥ, naradhiṣmaṇaḥ, khacaraḥ
dharmagranthaiḥ varṇitāḥ te jīvāḥ ye dharmavirodhinaḥ kāryān akarot tathā ca devānāṃ ṛṣīṇāṃ ca śatravaḥ āsan।
purākāle asūrāṇāṃ bhayena dharmakārye kāṭhīnyam abhavat।
kas
rāhuḥ, tamaḥ, svarbhānuḥ, saiṃhikeyaḥ, vidhuntudaḥ, asrapiśācaḥ, grahakallolaḥ, saiṃhikaḥ, upaplavaḥ, śīrṣakaḥ, uparāgaḥ, siṃhikāsūnuḥ, kṛṣṇavarṇaḥ, kabandhaḥ, aguḥ, asuraḥ
śāstreṣu varṇitaḥ navagraheṣu ekaḥ grahaḥ।
bhavataḥ putrasya janmapatrikāyāṃ saptame sthāne rāhuḥ asti।
kas
ākāśadeśaḥ
tat sthānaṃ yad anācchāditam asti।
prātaḥ ākāśadeśe aṭanaṃ svāsthyavardhakam asti।
kas
deśaniṣkāsanam
deśāt niṣkāsanasya daṇḍaḥ।
briṭiśakāle svatantratāsenāninaṃ deśaniṣkāsanasya daṇḍaṃ datvā andamānaprānte apreṣayat।
kas
sāmājikas ambandhaḥ
jīveṣu mukhyatvena janasya janaiḥ saha sambandhaḥ।
sāmājikajīvarūpeṇa asmākaṃ sāmājikasambandhāḥ samyak bhavituṃ arhanti।
kas
kūpakaśikharaḥ
kūpakasya uparī vartamānaḥ bhāgaḥ।
kūpakaśikhare raktaṃ vastraṃ nibaddham।
kas
kaṣṭamaya, kaṣṭapūrṇa
yaḥ kaṣṭena paripūrṇaḥ।
prācīnakāle vidhavāyāḥ jīvanaṃ kaṣṭamayam āsīt।
kas
cātakaśiśuḥ
cātakasya śiśuḥ।
cātakaḥ cātakaśiśum uḍḍayanaṃ pāṭhayati।
kas
hiraṇyakaśipuḥ
daityarājaḥ yaḥ prahlādasya pitā āsīt।
hiraṇyakaśipuṃ hantuṃ bhagavān nṛsiṃharūpeṇa avatīrṇaḥ।
kas
kaṣāyā
kaṇṭakayuktānāṃ kṣupāṇāṃ samūhaḥ।
ākheṭakaṃ dṛṣṭvā varāhaḥ kāṣāyāyām agūhat।
kas
pākaśālā, rasavatī, pākas thānam, mahānasam
randhanagṛham।
sītā pākaśālāyām bhojanasāmagrīṃ svasthāne sthāpayati।
kas
ḍī, praḍī, uḍḍī, khe visṛp, viyati visṛp, pat, utpat, protpat, samutpat, sampat, ākāśena gam, ākāśena yā
ākāśamārgeṇa ekasthānāt anyasthānam utpatanānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
vimānaḥ samudropari ḍayate adhunā।
kas
dyumat, dyutikar, dyutimat, dyotana, dyoti, dyotamāna, ujvala, kāntimat, kiraṇamaya, utprabha, ullasa, ullasita, prakāśavat, prakāśaka, prakāśamāna, prakāśat, prakāśin, citra, tejasvat, tejasvin, tejomaya, taijasa, añjimat, atiśukra, abhirucira, abhivirājita, abhiśobhita, abhīṣumat, amanda, avabhāsita, avabhāsin, ābhāsvara, ārocana, ābhāsura, iddha, utprabha, udīrṇadīdhiti, uddyota, uddyotita, kanakatālābha, kanakaprabha, kanala, kāśī, kāśīṣṇu, ketu, taijasa, dīdi, dīdivi, dīpta, dīptimat, dyotamāna, dhauta, punāna, prakhya, prabhāvat, bṛhajjyotis, bhāskara, bhāsura, bhāsvara, bhāsvat, bhāsayat, rukmābha, rucita, rucira, rucya, ruśat, roca, rocana, rocamāna, rociṣṇu, varcasvin, vidyotamāna, virukmat, vicakṣaṇa, virājamāna, śuklabhāsvara, śundhyu, śubhāna, śubhra, śubhri, śumbhamāna, śobha, śobhamāna, sutāra, suteja, sudīpta, sudyotman, supraketa, suprabha, suruk, suvibhāta, sphurat, hiraṇyanirṇij, hiraṇyanirṇig
yasmin dīptiḥ asti athavā yasya varṇaḥ ābhāyuktaḥ asti।
prācyadeśāt āgatena tena dūtena tat dyumat ratnaṃ rājasabhāyāṃ rājñe samarpitam।
kas
vaitaraṇī, baitaranī, narakas thā
hindūdharmagrantheṣu varṇitā yamadvārasya samīpasthā ekā nadī।
janāḥ manyante yad maraṇād anantaraṃ dharmāvalambinaṃ puruṣaṃ vaitaraṇīṃ pāraṃ kartuṃ kāpi bādhā na bhavati।
kas
kāśmīrin
kaśmīrasambandhī।
tasya mastake kāśmirī śirastrāṇaṃ śobhate।
kas
campakaḥ, cāmpeyaḥ, hemapuṣpakaḥ, svarṇapuṣpaḥ, śītalachadaḥ, subhagaḥ, bhṛṅgamohī, śītalaḥ, bhramarātithiḥ, surabhiḥ, dīpapuṣpaḥ, sthiragandhaḥ, atigandhakaḥ, sthirapuṣpaḥ, hemapuṣpaḥ, pītapuṣpaḥ, hemāhvaḥ, sukumāraḥ, vanadīpaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ saḥ vṛkṣaḥ yasya puṣpāṇi pītavarṇīyāni sugandhitāni ca santi।
tasya prāṅgaṇe campakaḥ kundam ityādīni santi।
kas
kitavaḥ, unmattaḥ, dhūrtaḥ, kanakāhvayaḥ, mātulaḥ, mahanaḥ, dhattūraḥ, śaṭhaḥ, mātulakaḥ, śyāmaḥ, śivaśekharaḥ, kharjjūghnaḥ, khalaḥ, kaṇṭaphalaḥ, mohanaḥ, mattaḥ, śaivaḥ, dhusturaḥ, dhutturaḥ, dhustūraḥ, purīmohaḥ, kaṣāyaḥ
kṣupaviśeṣaḥ tat kṣupaṃ yasya bījāni viṣayuktāni santi।
śivāya kitavaḥ rocate।
kas
palāśaḥ, kiṃśukaḥ, parṇaḥ, vātapothaḥ, yājñikaḥ, triparṇaḥ, vakrapuṣpaḥ, pūtadruḥ, brahmavṛkṣakaḥ, brahmopanetā, kāṣṭhadruḥ, karakaḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ yasya puṣpāṇi raktāni santi।
asmin udyāne naike palāśāḥ santi।
kas
kāśmirī
kaśmīrarājyasya bhāṣā।
saḥ kāśmirīṃ jānāti।
kas
kaśmīrī
kaśmīrarājyasya nivāsī।
adhunā sarve kaśmīriṇaḥ ātaṅkavādasya chāyāyāṃ jīvanti।
kas
kaliyugam, kaliḥ, kaleḥyugam, kaṣāyaḥ
hindūnāṃ mate kālasya caturvibhāgeṣu antimaḥ kaliyugasaṃjñakaḥ sa ca dvāpāgayugād anantaraṃ 432000 varṣaparyantaḥ।
kaliyugasya lakṣaṇam dharmaḥ saṅkucitastapo virahitaṃ satyaṃ ca dūraṃ gatam lokā dharmahatā dvijāśca lubhitā nārīvaśā mānavāḥ।
kas
kaśmīrīkuṇḍalam
sphaṭikayuktaṃ karṇakuṇḍalam।
tasya karṇe kaśmīrīkuṇḍale śobhete।
kas
duḥkhadāyaka, duḥkhaprada, kaṣṭaprada
yaḥ pīḍāṃ dadāti।
vṛddhāvasthā duḥkhadāyakā asti।
kas
dārvāghāṭaḥ, dārvāghātaḥ, kāṣṭhakuṭṭaḥ, śatapatrakaḥ, śatacchadaḥ, bhadranāmā, kuṭhākuḥ, kuṭhāruḥ
khagaviśeṣaḥ yaḥ kāṣṭham āhanti।
dārvāghāṭasya cañcuḥ dīrghā asti।
kas
nikaṣaḥ, śāṇaḥ, śānaḥ, kas aḥ, ākaṣaḥ, kaṣaḥ, nikas aḥ, hemalaḥ
prastarabhedaḥ yena svarṇādīnāṃ guṇāḥ jñāyate;
svarṇakāraḥ nikaṣena suvarṇaparīkṣā karoti
kas
stambakarikāṣṭham
tṛṇadhānyādeḥ prāyaḥ stambakareḥ śuṣkadaṇḍaḥ।
sā jvalanārthe stambakarikāṣṭham upayujyate।
kas
kāṣṭham, dāruḥ, idhmaḥ
vṛkṣasya śuṣkāḥ avayavāḥ।
adhunā kāṣṭhasya upayogaḥ prāyaḥ darśanīye vastunirmāṇe eva kriyate।
kas
nadī, sarit, taraṅgiṇī, śaivalinī, taṭinī, dhunī, srotasvatī, dvīpavatī, sravantī, nimnagā, āpagā, srotasvinī, srotovahā, sāgaragāminī, apagā, nirjhariṇī, sarasvatī, samudragā, kūlaṅkaṣā, kūlavatī, śaivālinī, samudrakāntā, sāgaragā, rodhovatī, vāhinī
jalasya saḥ pravāhaḥ yaḥ parvatāt ārabhya viśiṣṭamārgeṇa sāgaraṃ prati gacchati।
parvatapradeśe pāṣāṇasikatādiṣu nadī mārgam ākramati ।/ pāṇineḥ na nadī gaṅgā yamunā na nadī sthalī।
kas
jalaukā, raktapā, jalaukas aḥ, jalūkā, jalākā, jaloragī, jalāyukā, jalikā, jalāsukā, jalajantukā, veṇī, jalālokā, jalaukas ī, jalaukas am, jalaukas ā, raktapāyinī, raktasandaśikā, tīkṣṇā, vamanī, jalajīvanī, raktapātā, vedhinī, jalasarpiṇī, jalasūciḥ, jalāṭanī, jalākā, jalapaṭātmikā, jalikā, jalālukā, jalavāsinī
jalajantuviśeṣaḥ, yaḥ prāṇināṃ śarīrasthaṃ duṣṭaśoṇitaṃ nirharet।
priyadarśanaḥ jalaukā babhūva।
kas
matkuṇaḥ, uddāṃśaḥ, raktapāyī, raktāṅgaḥ, mañcakāśrayaḥ
kīcaviśeṣaḥ maccāsau kuṇaśaceti।
matkuṇāviva purā pariplavau sindhunāthaśayanā niṣeduṣaḥ gacchataḥ sma madhukaiṭabhau vibhoryasya naidrasukhavighnatāṃ kṣaṇam ।
kas
kadalī, tṛṇasārā, gucchaphalā, vāraṇavuṣā, rambhā, mocā, kāṣṭhīlā, aṃśumatphalā, vāravuṣā, suphalā, sukumārā, sakṛtphalā, hastiviṣāṇī, gucchadantikā, niḥsārā, rājeṣṭā, bālakapriyā, ūrustambhā, bhānuphalā, vanalakṣmīḥ, kadalakaḥ, mocakaḥ, rocakaḥ, locakaḥ, vāravṛṣā, vāraṇavallabhā
phalaviśeṣaḥ tat phalam yad gurutaram madhuram tathā ca puṣṭam।
saḥ kadalīm atti।
kas
kadalī, tṛṇasārā, gucchaphalā, vāraṇavuṣā, rambhā, mocā, kāṣṭhīlā, aṃśumatphalā, vāravuṣā, suphalā, sukumārā, sakṛtphalā, hastiviṣāṇī, gucchadantikā, niḥsārā, rājeṣṭā, bālakapriyā, ūrustambhā, bhānuphalā, vanalakṣmīḥ, kadalakaḥ, mocakaḥ, rocakaḥ, locakaḥ, vāravṛṣā, vāraṇavallabhā
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ-saḥ vṛkṣaḥ yasya parṇāni dīrghāṇi tathā ca phalaṃ gurutaraṃ madhuraṃ puṣṭam asti।
tasya prāṅgaṇe kadalī asti।
kas
agnisikhaḥ, agnisekharaḥ, ambaram, asṛk, kanakagauram, kaśmīrajanma, kāntam, kāveram, kāśmīram, kāśmīrajanmā, kāśmīrasambhavam, kucandanam, kusumātmaka, kesaravaram, goravaḥ, gauram, ghasram, ghusṛṇam, ghoraḥ, javā, jāguḍam, dīpakaḥ, dīpakam, nakulī, pāṭalam, piṇyākaḥ, piṇyākam, piśunam, pītakāveram, pītacandanam, pītikā, pītakam, pītanam, puṣparajaḥ, priyaṅgum, bālhikam, bāhlika, raktam, raktacandanam, raktasaṃjñam, raktāṅgam, rañjanaḥ, rudhiram, rohitam, lohitacandanam, vareṇyam, varṇam, varṇyam, vahniśikham, vahniśekharam, veram, śaṭham, śoṇitam, saṃkocam, saṃkocapiśunam, surārham, sūryasaṃjñam, saurabham, haricandanam
puṣpe vartamānaḥ strīliṅgī avayavaviśeṣaḥ yaḥ keśa sadṛśaḥ asti।
agnisikhaḥ kṣapasya jananāṅgena sambadhitaḥ asti।
kas
ekacaraḥ, khaḍgaḥ, khaḍgī, ekaśṛṅgaḥ, gaṇḍaḥ, gaṇḍakaḥ, gaṇḍāṅgaḥ, vanotsāhaḥ, taitilaḥ
vanyapaśuḥ yasya tvak mṛdu nāsti।
ekacarasya nāsikāyāṃ śṛṅgaḥ asti।
kas
kaṣāyā
kaṇṭakayuktānāṃ kṣupāṇāṃ samūhaḥ।
kṛṣikṣetre kaṣāyāḥ vardhitāḥ।
kas
kas anaḥ
vamathoḥ vyādhiḥ।
saḥ kasanena grastaḥ asti।
kas
vikas , prabudh
puṣparupeṇa vikasanānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
sūryasya kiraṇaiḥ naikāni puṣpāṇi vikasanti sma।
kas
āvirbhū, prādurbhū, udbhā, udbhid, prakāś, pratyakṣībhū, laj
prakaṭanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
naṭaḥ mañce āvirbhavati।
kas
līlā, alāyāsaḥ, nirāyāsaḥ, sukaraḥ, susādhyaḥ, akaṣṭaḥ, sukhasādhyaḥ, sugamaḥ, akaṭhinaḥ, aviṣamaḥ, sulabhaḥ, niḥśalyorthaḥ, akleśaḥ, sukaram, ayatnataḥ, saukaryeṇa, duḥkhaṃ vinā, kleṣaṃ vinā, susahaḥ, helayā
sukhena yat kartum śakyate।
śrīkṛṣṇena govardhanaparvataḥ līlayā utthāpitaḥ।
kas
kaśmīraḥ, jammū-kaśmīraḥ
bhāratadeśasya uttaradiśi vartamānaḥ pradeśaḥ yaḥ prākṛtikasundaratāyāḥ kṛte khyātaḥ।
kaśmīraḥ bhāratasya avibhājyam aṅgam asti।
kas
karkaśā, kuśīlā, vāmaśīlā, vakraśīlā, duḥśīlā, ugraśīlā
mūṣakajātīyaḥ jantuḥ।
karkaśā mṛdānirmitagṛhe itastataḥ bhrāmyantī dṛśyate।
kas
mandākinī, ākāśagaṅgā, svarganadī, nabhonadī, divyasaritā, suranadī, viyadgaṅgā, svarnadī, suradīrghikā, svarṇapadmā, sureśvarī
svarge vartamānā gaṅgāyāḥ dhārā।
pūrvajān trātuṃ bhagīrathena tapasyāṃ kṛtvā mandākinī pṛthivyām ānītā।
kas
jalaniṣkāsanam
jalasya niṣkāsanasya kriyā।
stroteṣu avaruddhena avakareṇa jalaniṣkāsane bādhā utpadyate।
kas
pustakaśālā
tat sthānaṃ yatra pustakāni vikrīyante।
asmākaṃ vidyālayasya samīpe ekā bṛhatī pustakaśālā asti।
kas
nāgakesaraḥ, nāgakeśaraḥ, nāgakeśasara, nāgakiñjalkam, kaṣāyaḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ yasya śuṣkāṇi phalāni bheṣajarañjakavyañjanādirūpeṇa upayujyante।
grīṣme nāgakesare śvetapuṣpāṇi vikasanti।
kas
prakāś, dyut, vidyut, dīp, bhā, vibhā, bhās, rāj, las, vilas, vibhās, śubh, vidīp, bhrāj, bhrāś, bhlāś, vibhrāj, abhivirāj, pratap, cakās, viśubh, vyatibhā, śuc
kāntyā prakāśanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
tasyāḥ mukhaṃ tejasā prakāśate।
kas
cakās, śubh, ruc
prakāśanānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
ratnajaḍitāni ābhūṣaṇāni cakāsanti।
kas
kaṣāyaḥ, kaṣāyapeyam, cahā, cāyaḥ
cāyaḥ cahā evaṃvidhaiḥ śabdaiḥ bhāratīyabhāṣāsu prasiddhasya kṣupasya śuṣkaparṇānāṃ cūrṇam uṣṇajale abhipacya tasmin drave śarkarādugdhādīn saṃmiśrya nirmitam uṣṇapeyam।
madhumehasya rogī śarkarāṃ vinā kaṣāyaṃ pibati।
kas
śākavīraḥ, śākaśreṣṭhaḥ
śākaprakāraḥ।
sā śākavīraṃ pacati।
kas
vātāyanakāṣṭham
kāṣṭhadaṇḍānāṃ catuṣkoṇātmakaṃ sthāpatyaṃ yasmin dvārasya vātāyanasya vā kavāṭāni avasthāpyante।
takṣakaḥ vātāyanakāṣṭhe araram avasthāpayati।
kas
karkaśā
prasphoṭaprakāraḥ।
karkaśāyāḥ prajvalane sāvadhānatāyāḥ āvaśyakatā asti।
kas
yamunā, yamunānadī, kālindī, sūryatanayā, śamanasvasā, tapanatanūjā, kalindakanyā, yamasvasā, śyāmā, tāpī, kalindalandinī, yamanī, yamī, kalindaśailajā, sūryasutā, tapanatanayā, aruṇātmajā, dineśātmajā, bhānujā, ravijā, bhānusutā, sūryasutā, sūryajā, yamānujā, arkatanayā, arkas utā, arkajā
bhāratīyanadīviśeṣaḥ sā tu himālayadakṣiṇadeśād nirgatya prayāge gaṅgāyāṃ miśritā।
sarnāṇi hṛdayāsthāni maṅgalāni śubhāni ca। dadāti cepsitān loke tena sā sarvamaṅgalā॥ saṅgamād gamanād gaṅgā loke devī vibhāvyate। yamasya bhaginī jātā yamunā tena sā matā॥
kas
dīrghāvakāśaḥ
dīrghakālaṃ yāvat svīkṛtaḥ avakāśaḥ।
dineśena asvāsthyāt dīrghāvakāśaḥ svīkṛtaḥ।
kas
bhāṣā, bhāṣaṇam, vāk, vāṇī, vācā, goḥ, girā, uktiḥ, vākśaktiḥ, vadantiḥ, nigadaḥ, nigādaḥ, vyāhāraḥ, vyāhṛtiḥ, vacanam, vādaḥ, tāpaḥ, abhilāpaḥ, lapitam, lapanam, bhaṇitiḥ, bhāratī, sarasvatī, rādhanā, kāsūḥ
mukhanirgataḥ sārthakaḥ dhvanisamūhaḥ।
bhāṣā samparkasya mādhyamam ।
kas
hradaḥ, saras, jalāśayaḥ, jalādhāraḥ, sarovaraḥ, sarovaram, sarasī, taḍāgaḥ, kāsāraḥ, khātam, akhātam
jalasya āśayaḥ viśiṣya prākṛtikaḥ।
saḥ hrade snānaṃ karoti।
kas
kṛṣ, bhiṭ, vidṛ, halaṃ vāhaya, halaṃ cālaya, utkaṣ
halena vā lāṅgalena kṣetrasya vilekhanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
kṛṣakaḥ kṣetraṃ karṣati।
kas
niṣkāsaya, utsāraya, niḥsāraya, niras, nirdhū, niryāpaya, nirvad, nirvāsaya, uccāṭaya, samutpāṭaya, samudīraya, cālaya, samudvāsaya, avarudh, udākṛ, utkālaya, uddhū, tyājaya, nāśaya, vipravāsaya, vivāsaya, samākṣip, vyaparopaya, vyas, saṃcālaya, sañcālaya, nirvivah, nirhan, nirhṛ, dālaya, nistyaj, udas, utkliś, apacyu, avahan, aparudh, udaj, udvas, ji, niṣkṛ, parinirhan, parivṛj, prāmarjaya, vitathīkṛ, viropaya
balāt sthānatyāgapreraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
rājīvaḥ dvāri tiṣṭhantaṃ śvānaṃ nirakāsayat।
kas
mastiṣkam, gorddam, godam, mastakas nehaḥ, mastuluṅgakaḥ
avayavaviśeṣaḥ, mastakasthaghṛtākārasnehaḥ।
mastiṣkasya racanā jaṭilā asti। / yakṣmaṃ śīrṣaṇyaṃ mastiṣkāt jihvāyā vivṛhāmi te।
kas
prakāśa-upakaraṇam
tad upakaraṇaṃ yad prakāśaṃ yacchati।
dīpakaḥ pracchannadīpaḥ ityādīni prakāśa-upakaraṇāni santi।
kas
śuṣkakāsaḥ
śuṣkasya kāsasya prakāraḥ।
nityena bheṣajenāpi śuṣkakāsaḥ na nirvartate।
kas
prakāśanam
kasyāpi kṛtyāḥ prakāśanasya kāryam।
asyāḥ patrikāyāḥ prakāśanam adhunā eva jātam।
kas
vikāsaḥ
kalikāyāḥ puṣpībhavanasya kriyā।
atyādhikāt śītatvāt kalikāyāḥ vikāsaḥ avaruddhaḥ।
kas
tarkaśāstram
tat śāstraṃ yasmin tarkaviṣayakāṇāṃ matāmatānām tathā ca uktānukta-duruktānāṃ siddhāntānāṃ cintanaṃ kriyate।
saḥ tarkaśāstrasya adhyayanaṃ karoti।
kas
hiṇḍiraḥ, vārtākī, vaṅganam, hiṅgulī, siṃhī, bhaṇṭākī, duṣpradharṣiṇī, vārtā, vātīṅgaṇaḥ, vārtākaḥ, śākabilvaḥ, rājakuṣmāṇḍaḥ, vṛntākaḥ, vaṅgaṇaḥ, aṅgaṇaḥ, kaṇṭavṛntākī, kaṇṭāluḥ, kaṇṭapatrikā, nidrāluḥ, māṃsaphalakaḥ, mahoṭikā, citraphalā, kaṇcakinī, mahatī, kaṭphalā, miśravarṇaphalā, nīlaphalā, raktaphalā, śākaśreṣṭhā, vṛttaphalā, nṛpapriyaphalā
vanaspativiśeṣaḥ yasyāḥ phalāni śākarūpeṇa upayujyante।
kṛṣakaḥ kṛṣikṣetre hiṇḍiraṃ ropayati।
kas
lokas abhā
prajābhiḥ nirvācitānāṃ pratinidhīnāṃ sabhā yā vidhānādīn racayati।
lokasabhāyāḥ pratinidhīnāṃ nirvācanaṃ janatā karoti।
kas
vārtākī, vaṅganam, hiṅgulī, siṃhī, bhaṇṭākī, duṣpradharṣiṇī, vārtā, vātīṅgaṇaḥ, vārtākaḥ, śākabilvaḥ, rājakuṣmāṇḍaḥ, vṛntākaḥ, vaṅgaṇaḥ, aṅgaṇaḥ, kaṇṭavṛntākī, kaṇṭāluḥ, kaṇṭapatrikā, nidrāluḥ, māṃsaphalakaḥ, mahoṭikā, citraphalā, kaṇcakinī, mahatī, kaṭphalā, miśravarṇaphalā, nīlaphalā, raktaphalā, śākaśreṣṭhā, vṛttaphalā, nṛpapriyaphalam
phalaviśeṣaḥ yaḥ śākārthe upayujyate।
mātā śākārthe vārtākīm utkṛntati।
kas
komalam, kauśikam, kauśeyakam, bādaram, vārdaram, kīṭajam, kāśiḥ
paṭṭasūtrāt jātaṃ vastram।
komalam vastraṃ dhṛtavatiḥ nartikā nṛtyati।
kas
naukāśrayaḥ, kṣayaṇaḥ
samudrasya taṭe vartamānaḥ naukāyāḥ āśrayasthānam ।
naikāḥ naukāḥ naukāśraye sthitāḥ।
kas
lakucaḥ, likucaḥ, ḍahuḥ, lakacaḥ, śālaḥ, kaṣāyī, dṛḍhavalkalaḥ, kārśyaḥ, śūraḥ, sthūlakandhaḥ
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ yasya arūpi ca madhuraṃ ca phalaṃ khāditum arhati।
markaṭaḥ lakuce upaviśati।
kas
takṣakaḥ, takṣā, sūtradhāraḥ, tvaṣṭā, kāṣṭhatakṣakaḥ, taṣṭā, sthapatiḥ
yaḥ kāṣṭhāt naikāni vastūni nirmāti।
kuśalena takṣakeṇa etad dvāraṃ nirmitam।
kas
naikadhā, naikavāram, naikaśaḥ, bahuśaḥ, bahudhā, anekadhā, anekaśaḥ, subahudhā, anekavāram
ekāt adhikavāram।
svaireṇa ācaraṇena saḥ naikadhā atāḍyata janaiḥ।
kas
prāyaḥ, bahulam, vāraṃ vāram, punaḥ punaḥ, muhurmuhuḥ, anekadā, anekavāram, bahu, bahuvāram, bhūrī, bhṛśam, bahuśaḥ, anekaśaḥ, bahukṛtvaḥ, anekakṛtvaḥ, bahuvelam, muhuḥ
ekādhikeṣu avasareṣu।
kāśmīraḥ kālaḥ prāyaḥ śītaramyaḥ eva asti।
kas
vṛścikālī, vṛścipatrī, viṣaghnī, nāgadantikā, sarpadaṃśaṣṭrā, amarā, kālī, uṣṭradhūsarapucchikā, viṣāṇī, netrarogahā, uṣṭrikā, aliparṇī, dakṣiṇāvartakī, kālikā, āgamāvartā, devalāṅgūlikā, karabhī, bhūrīdugdhā, karkaśā, svarṇadā, yugmaphalā, kṣīraviṣāṇikā, bhāsurapuṣpā
kṣupaviśeṣaḥ, yasya tīkṣṇapatrāṇāṃ daṃśaḥ vṛścikavat dāhakaḥ asti (āyurvede asya hṛdraktaśuddhikārīkatvaṃ raktapittavibandhārocakāpahatvam ityādi guṇāḥ proktāḥ);
atra vṛścikālī samudbhūtā/
vṛścikālī viṣaghnī tu kāsamārutanāśinī [rājavallabhaḥ]
kas
vivṛ, vyākhyā, vyācakṣ, nirūpaya, dyotaya, vyaṃj, vyañj, vyaṃjaya, vyañjaya, sphuṭīkṛ, viśadīkṛ, vyākṛ, pravac, prakāśaya, spaṣṭīkṛ
kasyacana viṣayasya avabodhanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
adhyāpakaḥ bālakaṃ gaṇitam jñāpayati
kas
kāṣṭhabhājanam
kāṣṭhena nirmitaṃ bṛhat tathā ca pṛthu pātram।
saḥ piṣṭaṃ saṃprakleṣṭuṃ kāṣṭhabhājanaṃ kṣālayati।
kas
makṣikā, makṣikaḥ, palaṅkaṣā, mākṣakā, bambharāliḥ, vamanīyā, admasad
uḍḍayane samarthaḥ ekaḥ laghuḥ kīṭaḥ yaḥ prāyaḥ sarvatra bhavati।
svacchatāyāḥ abhāvāt gṛhe makṣikāḥ ḍayante।
kas
ārthikas ahāyatā, vittīyasahāyatā
arthasambandhī sahāyatā।
śreṣṭhinaḥ asya vidyālayasya kṛte ārthikasahāyatāyāḥ ghoṣaṇā kṛtā।
kas
madyam, surā, madirā, vāruṇī, halipriyā, hālā, pariśrut, varuṇātmajā, gandhottamā, prasannā, irā, kādambarī, pariśrutā, kaśyam, mānikā, kapiśī, gandhamādanī, mādhavī, kattoyam, madaḥ, kāpiśāyanam, mattā, sītā, capalā, kāminī, priyā, madagandhā, mādhvīkam, madhu, sandhānam, āsavaḥ, amṛtā, vīrā, medhāvī, madanī, supratibhā, manojñā, vidhātā, modinī, halī, guṇāriṣṭam, sarakaḥ, madhūlikā, madotkaṭā, mahānandā, sīdhuḥ, maireyam, balavallabhā, kāraṇam, tatvam, madiṣṭhā, pariplutā, kalpam, svādurasā, śūṇḍā, hārahūram, mārddīkam, madanā, devasṛṣṭā, kāpiśam, abdhijā
mādakadravapadārthaḥ - yasya sevanaṃ pāpaṃ tathā ca nindanīyam iti manyante।
saḥ pratidinaṃ sāyaṅkāle madyaṃ pītvā gṛham āgacchati।
kas
kaṇṭakakaṣāyā
kaṇṭakayuktānāṃ kṣupāṇāṃ samuhaḥ।
śramikāḥ samasthalāt kaṇṭakakaṣāyāḥ apākurvanti।
kas
vikas ita
yasya vikāsaḥ jātaḥ।
vikasitaṃ kamalaṃ taḍāgasya śobhāṃ vardhayati।
kas
paitṛkas ampatti
dāyādaiḥ prāptā sampattiḥ। etad bhavanaṃ rohitaḥ paitṛkasampattyāṃ prāptavān।
kas
saṃsad, lokas abhā
rājakīyeṣu athavā śāsakīyeṣu kāryeṣu sahāyatāṃ kartuṃ tathā ca deśahitāya nūtanānāṃ vidhānānāṃ nirmāṇaṃ kartuṃ prajādvārā niyuktānāṃ pratinidhīnāṃ sabhā।
saṃsadi śītakālīnaṃ satram ārabdham।
kas
pathikāśramaḥ, maṭhaḥ, uttaraṇasthānam, pānthaśālā
yātrikāṇāṃ nivāsasya sthānam।
kedāranāthasya yātrāyāṃ asmābhiḥ ekasmin pathikāśrame viśrāmaḥ kṛtaḥ।
kas
pīnasaḥ, pratiśyāyaḥ, kāśaḥ, kaphaḥ, śleṣman
nāsikārogaviśeṣaḥ।
tena pīnasasya bheṣajaṃ krītam/svaravarṇaviśuddhiśca pakvapīnasalakṣaṇam
[śa.ka]
kas
pracchannadīpaḥ, gūḍhadīpaḥ, āvṛttadīpikā, kośasthadīpaḥ, ākāśadīpaḥ, ākāśapradīpaḥ
upakaraṇaviśeṣaḥ-saḥ dīpaḥ yasyopari kācabhājanaṃ asti tathā ca yasya nimnabhāge tailapātram asti।
rāmaḥ dīpam avajyotya adhyayanārthe samupaviṣṭaḥ।
kas
apanī, pratisāraya, apasāraya, niḥsāraya, niṣkāsaya
kenāpi upāyena anyaṃ dūraṃ nirgamanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
bhāratīyāḥ vīrāḥ śatrūn apānayanta।
kas
kuberaḥ, yakṣarāṭ, yakṣendraḥ, yakṣeśvaraḥ, tryambakas akhā, guhyakeśvaraḥ, manuṣyadharmā, dhanadaḥ, dhanādhipaḥ, kinnareśaḥ, vaiśravaṇaḥ, paulastyaḥ, naravāhanaḥ, ekapiṅgaḥ, aiḍaviḍaḥ, śrīdaḥ, puṇyajaneśvaraḥ
yakṣānāṃ rājā yaḥ indrasya kośādhyakṣaḥ asti।
kuberaḥ rāvaṇasya bhrātā āsīt।
kas
mūrcchā, mūrcchanam, kaśmalam
rogabhayaśokādīnāṃ kāraṇāt utpannā sā avasthā yasyāṃ manuṣyaḥ naṣṭacetanaḥ bhavati।
mātulasya mṛtyoḥ vārtāṃ śrutvā mātulānī mūrcchām aprāpnot।
kas
prakāśagṛham
unnataṃ bhavanaṃ prāyaḥ sāgare vartamānaṃ yasmāt āgataḥ prakharaḥ prakāśaḥ sudūraṃ gacchati।
prakāśagṛhaṃ sāgare nauyānān mārgadarśanaṃ karoti।
kas
ākāśavāṇī, daivavāṇī, devavāṇī
yā vāṇī īśvareṇa ākāśāt śrāvitā asti iti manyate।
ākāśavāṇī sarvadā satyā eva bhavati।
kas
ākāśavāṇī
ekaṃ khyātaṃ vidyudyantraṃ yena tantrīṃ vināpi anyasmāt sthānāt vārtādayaḥ śrotuṃ śakyante।
śyāmaḥ ākāśavāṇyāṃ gītaṃ śṛṇoti।
kas
ākāśagamanam
vāyuyānena kriyamāṇā yātrā।
tena idānīṃ paryantam ākāśagamanasya avasaraḥ na prāptaḥ।
kas
kākaśabdaḥ
kākasya dhvaniḥ।
kākaḥ śākhāyām upaviśya kākaśabdaṃ karoti।
kas
klāntiḥ, śrāntiḥ, klamaḥ, āyāsaḥ, pariśramaḥ, tandrā, pariśrāntiḥ, glāniḥ, parikleśaḥ, avasādaḥ, klamathaḥ, liḥ, kaṣṭam
śrāntasya avasthā।
kṛṣakaḥ vṛkṣasya chāyāyāṃ klāntim apanayati।
kas
kaṣā, kaśā, carmayaṣṭiḥ, pratiṣkaṣaḥ, bhīmā
aśvādeḥ tāḍanī।
bhoḥ aśvarakṣakaḥ kimarthaṃ kaṣayā aśvaṃ tāḍayasi।
kas
klībaḥ, tṛtīyaprakṛtiḥ, apuṃs, uḍumbaraḥ, tūbarakaḥ, pṛṣṭhaśṛṅgī, varṣavaraḥ, paṇḍraḥ, muṣkaśūnyaḥ, paṇḍrakaḥ, strīsvabhāvaḥ, vṛṣāṅkaḥ, dharṣavaraḥ, ṣaṇḍhaḥ, dharṣaḥ, vadhrikā, akṣataḥ, akṣatam, prakṛtiḥ
saḥ janaḥ yaḥ na strī na ca pumān।
adyatanakāle klībāḥ api rājanītau bhāgaṃ gṛhṇanti।
kas
kaṣāyaḥ
bheṣajāni jale kvathitvā prāptaḥ rasaḥ।
kaphasya nāśārthe kaṣāyo upayuktaḥ।
kas
ṭaṅkaśālā, mudrāṅkanaśālā, bhaurikī
yatra nāṇakanirmāṇaṃ kriyate।
rāmasya pitā ṭaṅkaśālāyāṃ kāryaṃ karoti।
kas
dantakāṣṭham
kecit vṛkṣasya kāṣṭhaṃ yad dantaśuddhyarthe upayujyate।
nimbavarvūrādīnāṃ dantakāṣṭhaṃ dantānāṃ kṛte atīva upayuktam asti।
kas
devadāru, śakrapādapaḥ, paribhadrakaḥ, bhadradāru, drukilimam, pītudāru, dāru, dārukam, snigdhadāru, amaradāru, śivadāru, śāmbhavam, bhūtahāri, bhavadāru, bhadravat, indradāru, mastadāru, surabhūruhaḥ, surāvham, devakāṣṭham
vṛkṣaviśeṣaḥ- yasmāt tailaṃ prāpyate।
devadāruṇaḥ kāṣṭham dṛḍham asti।
kas
niṣkāsanam
tat adhikārapatraṃ yasyānusāreṇa ko'pi kasmād api sthānāt bahirgantuṃ śakyate।
anyasmin deśe vastūnāṃ preṣaṇārthe ahaṃ niṣkāsanaṃ prāptavān।
kas
tṛṇam, abdaḥ, kacchāntaruhā, kāśakaḥ, kutapaḥ, kuśaḥ, kaivartī, kheṭam
kṛṣyām dhānyakṣupaiḥ saha anuruhāḥ kṣudrakṣupāḥ।
kṛṣakaḥ kṛṣīkṣetrāt tṛṇam utpāṭayati।
kas
svastikāsanam
yogāṅgāsanaviśeṣaḥ yatra jānunoḥ antare ubhe pādatale samyak kṛtvā upaviśyate।
saḥ svastikāsane upaviśati।
kas
prakāśita
yasya prakāśanaṃ jātam।
śrīvāstavamahodayena svasya nūtanaṃ prakāśitaṃ pustakaṃ mahyaṃ dattam।
kas
bhūbhautikaśāstram
tad śāstraṃ yasmin bhautikaśāstrāṇāṃ siddhāntānām upayogaṃ kṛtvā pṛthivyāḥ guṇadharmādīnām adhyayanaṃ kriyate।
tasmai bhūbhautikaśāstram atīva rocate।
kas
ākāśagaṅgā, viyadgaṅgā
gagane vartamānaḥ tārakāṇāṃ vistṛtaḥ samūhaḥ।
vayaṃ tārāgṛhe ākāśagaṅgāyāḥ manoharaṃ dṛśyam apaśyam।
kas
mañjiṣṭhā, vikas ā, jiṅgī, samaṅgā, kālameṣikā, maṇḍūkaparṇī, bhaṇḍīrī, bhaṇḍī, yojanavallī, kālameṣī, kālī, jiṅgiḥ, bhaṇḍirī, bhaṇḍiḥ, hariṇī, raktā, gaurī, yojanāvallikā, vaprā, rohiṇī, citralatā, citrā, citrāṅgī, jananī, vijayā, mañjūṣā, raktayaṣṭikā, kṣatriṇī, rāgāḍhyā, kālabhāṇḍikā, aruṇā, jvarahantrī, chatrā, nāgakumārikā, bhaṇḍīralatikā, rāgāṅgī, vastrabhūṣaṇā
latāprakāraḥ yasyāḥ puṣpāṇi pītāni tathā ca laghūni santi।
mañjiṣṭhāyāḥ daṇḍāt tathā ca sūlāt raktaḥ varṇaḥ prāpyate।
kas
ghṛṣ, avaghṛṣ, abhivimṛj, avamṛj, kaṣ, ākṣṇu
ekasya vastunaḥ anyena vastunā saha mardanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
muniḥ candanaṃ gharṣati।
kas
vāsantikas asyam
vasante lūyamānaṃ dhānyam।
godhūmādīni vāsantikasasyāni santi।
kas
lokas evā, janasevā
janānāṃ hitāya sevārūpeṇa kriyamāṇaṃ kāryam।
madaraṭeresāmahodayayā ājīvanaṃ lokasevā kṛtā।
kas
lokas evā, janasevā
sā vṛttiḥ saḥ udyogaḥ vā yaḥ janānāṃ hitāya bhavati।
ārakṣakāḥ nyāyādhīśāḥ ca lokasevāyai niyujyante।
kas
lokas evā-āyogaḥ
rājyena niyuktānāṃ janānāṃ nirmitā ekā samitiḥ yā lokasevayā sambaddheṣu padeṣu samarthān janān niyojayati।
lokasevā-āyogaḥ janānāṃ lokasevāyāḥ padeṣu niyojanāt pūrvaṃ teṣāṃ likhitā maukhikī ca parīkṣā svīkaroti।
kas
śulkas thānam
tat sthānaṃ yatra bahiḥ āgateṣu vastuṣu śulkaṃ grahītuṃ kecana janāḥ vasanti।
mayā śulkasthāne dviśatakāni rupyakāṇi śulkaṃ dattam।
kas
jala-niṣkāsanam
jalasya niṣkāsanam।
jala-niṣkāsanasya ucitā vyavasthā nāsti ataḥ asvacchaṃ jalaṃ mārge pravahati।
kas
udvikāsaḥ, saṃcaraḥ, pariṇāmaḥ
kramaśaḥ pūrṇāvasthāyāḥ prāptiḥ।
vānarasya udvikāsaḥ manuṣye jātaḥ।
kas
audyogikaśikṣā
udyogasambandhinī śikṣā।
vṛttihīnatāṃ dūrīkartuṃ janeṣu audyogikaśikṣāyāḥ prasāraḥ karaṇīyaḥ।
kas
kāsaḥ
tṛṇaviśeṣaḥ yena rajvādayaḥ nirmīyante।
saḥ piṭakādi nirmātuṃ kāsaṃ lunāti।
kas
jalanālikāśilpī
yaḥ jalamocikāsambandhi kāryaṃ karoti।
jalanālikāśilpī mandirasya samīpe kāryaṃ karoti।
kas
ṛṇātmakas aṅkhyā
gaṇite śūnyāt nyūnā saṅkhyā।
ṛṇapañca iti ekā ṛṇātmakasaṅkhyā asti।
kas
dhanātmakas aṅkhyā
gaṇite śūnyāt adhikā saṅkhyā।
450 iti ekā dhanātmakasaṅkhyā vartate।
kas
niḥśulkaśikṣā
sā śikṣā yā śulkarahitā vartate।
sarvān śikṣayituṃ niḥśulkaśikṣāyāḥ āvaśyakatā asti।
kas
vṛkkaśroṇiḥ
mūtranalikāyāḥ upari vartamānaḥ bhāgaḥ।
vṛkkaśroṇau mūtrasya mārjanaṃ bhavati।
kas
vikas , phull, sphuṭ
nūtanapallavavikasanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
vasantasamaye prāpte sarve vṛkṣāḥ vikasanti।
kas
prakāśanam
tad pustakam athavā sā patrikā yā prakāśyate।
asmākaṃ mudraṇālayāt jātānāṃ nūtanānāṃ prakāśananāṃ iyaṃ sūciḥ asti।
kas
kāśī, vārāṇasī, muktikṣetram
uttarapradeśe vartamānaṃ nagaraṃ yad vikhyātaṃ tīrthasthalam asti।
vārāṇasī gaṅgātaṭe asti।
kas
prakāśanam
pustakasya prakāśitayaḥ āvṛttayaḥ।
pratidinaṃ vartamānapatrāṇāṃ naikāni prakāśanāni vikrīyante।
kas
nis+kas
pṛṣṭhabhāge lagnasya āvaraṇasya vilagīkaraṇānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
mātā pātratalalagnam odanāṃśaṃ niṣkāsyati।
kas
bhūyo bhūyaḥ, vāraṃ vāraṃ, punaḥ punaḥ, muhurmuhuḥ, abhīkṣṇaṃ, asakṛt, bahuśaḥ, anekaśaḥ
naikavāram।
ruṣṭaḥ bālakaḥ bhūyo bhūyaḥ āhūtaḥ api na āgacchat।
kas
prakāś, pradyut, dyut
andhaḥkāranāśānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
sūryakiraṇeṣu āgateṣu pṛthivī prakāśate।
kas
kaṇḍūya, kaṣ
śarīre vā kasmin api aṅge kharjūtpannānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
dinadvayaparyantaṃ snānābhāvāt mama śarīraṃ kaṇḍūyate।
kas
prakāśita, dīptimat, pradīpta, ujvalita
yad prakāśyate।
sūryakiraṇaiḥ prakāśite śaśini taigmyaṃ nāsti।
kas
ḍāya, praḍāya, uḍḍāya, khe visarpaya, viyati visarpaya, pātaya, utpātaya, protpātaya, samutpātaya, sampātaya, ākāśena gamaya, ākāśena yāpaya
ākāśamārgeṇa ekasmāt sthānāt anyasthānasaṃyogāya utpatanapreraṇānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
vaimānikaḥ vimānaṃ ḍāyayati।
kas
daṃś, khard vṛścikas ya madhumakṣiṇāṃ vā dantaiḥ kṣetre mamatāṃ vṛścikaḥ adaśat.
vṛścikasya madhumakṣikāyāḥ viṣayuktaiḥ daṃṣṭraiḥ tuditvā viṣasya praveśanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
kṣetre mamatāṃ vṛścikaḥ adaśat।
kas
nabhacara, nabhagāmin, ākāśacārin, ākāśagāmin
yaḥ ākāśamārgeṇa gacchati।
khagāḥ nabhacarāḥ santi।
kas
vilīna, antarita, kīrṇa, antargata, upagupta, aprakāśa, gupta, vṛta, nigūḍha, catta, apīcya, antarlīna, guhya, upacchanna
yaḥ adṛśyaḥ asti।
vaijñānikāḥ jale vilīnaṃ tatvaṃ pariśodhayanti।
kas
vṛdh, saṃvṛdh, edh, sphuṭ, vikas , phull, udbhidya, ruh, ṛdh, puṣ, upacīya, sphāy, pyai
avayavopacayanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
samyak rakṣaṇena kṣupāḥ śīghraṃ vardhante।
kas
vivṛ, prakāśaya, vyañjaya, prakaṭīkṛ, spaṣṭīkṛ, bhid, bhedaya
pūrvam ajñātasya jñāpanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
pratidinaṃ samācārapatrāṇi netṝṇāṃ nūtanāni kāryāṇi vivṛṇvanti।
kas
prakāśaya, bhid, udghāṭaya, nirī, aporṇu
guptasya vṛttasya vā rahasyasya vā aviṣkaraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
saḥ svasya premavivāhasya rahasyaṃ prākāśayat।
kas
palaṅkaṣaḥ
kaṇṭakayuktaḥ vṛkṣaḥ yasya niryāsaḥ sugandhārthe prajvālyate।
palaṅkaṣasya niryāsaḥ bahūpayogī asti।
kas
prakāśya, prakāśanīya
prakāśitum arhaḥ।
tasya tisraḥ prakāśyāḥ racanāḥ mudraṇālaye santi।
kas
prakāś, prakāśyatāṃ nī
pustakādīnāṃ mudraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
tasya kāvyasya nūtanaṃ pustakaṃ prakāśati।
kas
vikas , sphuṭ, phull, udbhidya
bhūmim udbhidya vardhanānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
kṛṣisthalīṣu nūtanāḥ kṣupāḥ vikasanti।
kas
avistṛtiḥ, alpavistāraḥ, alpāvakāśaḥ, mitatā
saṃkṣiptasya avasthā।
mārgasya avistṛteḥ kāraṇāt gamanāgamane vyavadhānam utpadyate।
kas
kimartham, kas māt kāraṇāt, kena kāraṇena, kiṃ prayojanena
kena hetunā।
kimarthaṃ mayā bhavadbhyaḥ kathanīyam kutra gacchāmi aham iti।
kas
kaṇḍūrā, ātmaguptā, jahā, avyaṇḍā, prāvṛṣāyaṇī, ṛṣyaproktā, śūkaśimbiḥ, kapikacchuḥ, markaṭī, ajahā, śūkaśimbī, śūkaśimbā, ṛṣabhaḥ, svaguptā
latāviśeṣaḥ yasya bījaguptiḥ śimbīsadṛśā asti।
śukaśimbā bahu vardhitā।
kas
śukaśimbā
śimbīsadṛśā ekā bījaguptiḥ।
śukaśimbāyāḥ sparśanāt kaṇḍuḥ udbhavati।
kas
niṣkāsaya, bahiṣkṛ, apākṛ, nirākṛ, niḥsāraya, apadhvaṃsaya, nirdhū
apasaraṇapreraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
saḥ madyapaṃ svabhrātaraṃ gṛhāt nirakāsayat।
kas
prakāś
anyeṣāṃ jñānāya upayogāya vā prasāraṇānukūlaḥ vyāpāraḥ।
sarvakāraḥ nūtanaṃ patramudrāṃ prakāśati।
kas
vikāsaḥ, pravṛddhiḥ, vṛddhiḥ
vardhanasya avasthā bhāvo vā।
janmanaḥ prabhṛti vayasaḥ pañcavarṣāṇi yāvat bālakānāṃ śārīrikaḥ mānasikaḥ ca vikāsaḥ adhikatamaḥ bhavati।
kas
grāhakaśulkam
keṣāṃcana patrapustakādīnāṃ vārṣikaṃ māsikaṃ vā mūlyam।
mayā kādambinī ityasya grāhakaśulkam adya yāvat na dattam।
kas
parākāṣṭhā, caramasīmā, caramabinduḥ, caramāvasthā
yā antimā sīmā yāvat na ko'pi gacchati।
eṣā asabhyatāyāḥ parākāṣṭhā asti।
kas
prakāśaka
yaḥ prakāśaṃ yacchati।
sūryacandradīpādayaḥ prakāśakāni vastūni santi।
kas
prakāśakaḥ
yaḥ granthādīn mudritvā vikrīṇāti।
asya pustakasya prakāśakaḥ kaḥ।
kas
bakāsuraḥ
asuraviśeṣaḥ yaḥ kṛṣṇena ghātitaḥ।
bakāsuraḥ putanāyāḥ bhrātā āsīt।
kas
tārakāsuraḥ, tārakaḥ
asuraviśeṣaḥ yaḥ skandhena hataḥ।
tārakāsurāt bhītvā indrādayaḥ nigūḍhāḥ।
kas
turkas thānaḥ
madhyāśiyākhaṇḍe vartamānaḥ deśaḥ।
turkasthānaḥ pūrvapaścimayoḥ paṇyakendram āsīt।
kas
kās
mukhāt kaphaniṣkāsanānukūlavyāpāraḥ।
pitāmahaḥ rātrau bahu kāsati।
kas
ākāśavāṇī
sā praṇālī yayā vidyutacumbakīyaiḥ taraṅgaiḥ nabhovāṇīsañce kāryakramaḥ prasāryate।
ākāśavāṇyaḥ tathā ca dūradarśanasya vijñāpanasevayā śāsanaṃ rājasvaṃ prāpnoti।
kas
ākāśavāṇī-kendram
tat sthānaṃ yasmāt ākāśavāṇyā prasāraṇaṃ kriyate।
kṛṣiviṣayiṇīṃ paricarcāṃ kartuṃ pitṛvyaḥ ākāśavāṇī-kendraṃ gataḥ।
kas
pākistānīya, pākas tānīyā
pākistānasya nivāsī।
bhāratapākistānayoḥ sīmolaṅghanaṃ kurvantaḥ naike pākistānīyāḥ gṛhītāḥ।
kas
jyotsnāvat, jyotsnāyukta, candraprakāśita
candramasaḥ prakāśena yuktam।
jyotsnāvatyāṃ rātrau aṭanam āhlādakaram।
kas
pippalīmūlam, caṭikāśiraḥ, granthikam, ṣaḍgranthiḥ, mūlam, kolamūlam, kaṭugranthiḥ, kaṭumūlam, kaṭūṣaṇam, sarvagranthiḥ, patrāḍhyam, virūpam, śoṣasambhavam, sugandhiḥ, granthilam, uṣaṇam
pippalīnāmakalatāyāḥ mūlam।
pippalīmūlam auṣadharūpeṇa upayujyate।
kas
sahacaraikaniṣṭha, sahacaraikaśaraṇa
yaḥ sahacaraṃ prati ekaniṣṭhaḥ asti।
mohanaḥ svasya patnīṃ prati sahacaraikaniṣṭhaḥ asti।
kas
adhikaṣṭam, adhikṛcchram
adhikaṃ kaṣṭaṃ athavā duḥkham।
rājñaḥ daśarathasya kṛte adhikaṣṭam asahanīyam āsīt।
kas
ekaṣaṣṭiḥ
ṣaṣṭeḥ ekasya ca yogena prāptā saṃkhyā।
ekaṣaṣṭeḥ pañca niṣkāsyante cet kati avaśiṣyante।
kas
ekaṣaṣṭi
ekādhikaṃ ṣaṣṭiḥ abhidheyā।
asmin vṛkṣe ekaṣaṣṭiḥ jambīrāni santi।
kas
ekaṣaṣṭitama
gaṇanāyāṃ ekaṣaṣṭeḥ sthāne āgataḥ।
viṣamayamadyapānena jāyamānaṃ ekaṣaṣṭitamaṃ maraṇam asti idam।
kas
ekas aptati
ekādhikaṃ saptatiḥ abhidheyā।
mama kanyā pratiśate ekasaptatiḥ aṅkān prāptavatī।
kas
ekas aptatitama
gaṇanāyāṃ ekasaptateḥ sthāne āgataḥ।
paśyatu mayā ekasaptatitamā kapardikā prāptā।
kas
ekas aptatiḥ
saptateḥ ekasya ca yogena prāptā saṃkhyā।
pañcāśataḥ ekaviṃśateḥ ca yogaḥ bhavati ekasaptatiḥ।
kas
ekāśītiḥ
aśīteḥ ekasya ca yogena prāptā saṃkhyā।
saptaviṃśatiḥ tribhiḥ guṇyate cet ekāśītiḥ prāpyate।
kas
ekāśīti
ekādhikam aśītiḥ abhidheyā।
bhavataḥ śarīre ekāśītiḥ tilāḥ santi।
kas
ekāśītitama, ekāśīta
gaṇanāyām ekāśīteḥ sthāne vartamānaḥ।
mālāyām añjuḥ ekāśītitamaṃ puṣpaṃ gumphati।
kas
ākāśatolanayantram, vāyuvegamāpakam
tāpamāpakavat kintu tataḥ kiñcit bṛhat yantraṃ yena vāyoḥ bhāraḥ mīyate।
ākāśatolanayantre jalasya v