m. the hand bent into a semicircle or the shape of a claw (as for the purpose of seizing anybody by the neck;generally accusativeam-with1. dā-,to seize any one by his neck)
m. (equalsardhacandra-) the hand bent into a semicircle for grasping any one's throat, in fine compositi or 'at the end of a compound' ( dattārdhacandrakadattārdhacandraka-mfn.) "seized at the throat"
m. a celebrated hill in vṛndāvana- near mathurā- (lifted up and supported by kṛṣṇa- upon one finger for 7 days to shelter the cowherds from a storm of rain sent by indra- to test kṛṣṇa-'s divinity see p.113) etc.
अर्ध (Written also as अर्द्ध) a. [ऋध्-णिच्-अच्; according to Nir. from धृ, or ऋध्] Half, forming a half (divided into 2 parts); अर्ध-अर्ध the one half-the other half. -र्धः [ऋध्-घञ्] 1 A place, region, country; house, habitation (Ved.). -2 Increase (वृद्धि). -3 Wind. -4 A part, portion, side. -र्धम्, -र्धः 1 A half, half portion; पचाति नेमो न हि पक्षदर्धः Rv.1.27.18. सर्वनाशे समुत्पन्ने अर्धं त्यजति पण्डितः, गतमर्धं दिवसस्य V.2; पूर्वार्धः first half; so उत्तर˚ latter half; दक्षिण˚ southern half (half on the right side); so अवर˚, जघन˚, पर˚, ग्राम˚ &c.; यदर्धे विच्छिन्नम् Ś.1.9 divided in half; ऋज्वायतार्धम् M.27; R.3.59; 12.99; रात्रौ तदर्धं गतम् Bh.3.17; one part of two, apart, partly (Ved.); -2 Nearness, proximity; see अर्धदेव. (अर्ध may be compounded with almost every noun and adjective; as first member of compound with nouns it means 'a half of' and forms an एकदेशिसमास or तत्पुरुष; ˚कायः = अर्धं कायस्य; ˚पिप्पली, ˚मार्गः; ˚पुरुषः &c.; with adjectives, it has an adverbial force; ˚श्याम half dark; ˚भुक्त half eaten; so ˚पिष्ट, ˚पूर्ण &c.; with numeral adjectives it may mean either 'a half of' or 'with an additional half'; ˚शतम् half of 1 i. e. 5; or अर्धेन सहितं शतम् i. e. 15; with ordinal numerals 'with a half or that number'; ˚तृतीयम् containing two and the third only half; i. e. two and a half; so ˚चतुर्थ three and a half. cf. अर्धं खण्डे समांशके Nm. -Comp. -अक्षि n. side-look, wink. नगरस्त्रीशङ्कितार्धाक्षिदृष्टम् Mk.8.42. -अङ्गम् half the body. -अन्तरम् half the distance; ˚एकपदता a fault in composition; see S. D. 575. -अंशः a half, the half. -अंशिन् a. sharing a half. -अर्धः, -र्धम् 1 half of a half, quarter; चरर्धार्धभागाभ्यां तामयोजयतामुभे R.1.56. -3 half and half. -अवभेदकः 1 pain in half the head, hemicrania (Mar. अर्धशिशी). (-कम्) dividing in equal parts. -अवशेष a. having only a half left. -अकारः 1 half the letter अ. -2 N. of अवग्रह q. v. -असिः A sword with one edge, a small sword; अर्धासिभिस्तथा खङ्गैः Mb.7.137.15. -आसनम् 1 half a seat; अर्धासनं गोत्रभिदो$धितष्ठौ R.6.73; मम हि दिवौकसां समक्षमर्धासनोपवेशितस्य Ś.7 (it being considered a mark of a very great respect to make room for a guest &c. on the same seat with oneself). -2 greeting kindly or with great respect. -3 exemption from censure. -इन्दुः 1 the half or crescent moon. -2 semicircular impresion of a finger-nail, crescent-shaped nail-print; कुचयोर्नखाङ्कैरर्धेन्दुलीलैः N.6.25. -3 an arrow with a crescent-shaped head (= अर्धचन्द्र below.); ˚मौलि N. of Śiva तत्र व्यक्तं दृषदि चरणन्यासमर्धेन्दुमौलेः Me.57. -इन्द्र a. that of which a half belongs to Indra. -उक्त a. half said or uttered; रामभद्र इति अर्धोक्ते महाराज U.1. -उक्तिः f. a broken speech; an interrupted speech. -उदकम् water reaching half the body. -उदयः 1 the rising of the half moon. -2 partial rise. -3 a kind of parvan; ˚आसनम् a sort of posture in meditatiou. -उदित a. 1 half risen. -2 half uttered. -ऊरुक a. [अर्धमूरोः अर्धोरु तत्र काशते] reaching to the middle of the thighs. (-कम्) 1 a short petti-coat (Mar. परकर); see चण्डातक. -2 mantle, veil. -कर्णः Radius, half the diameter. -कृत a. half done, incomplete. -केतुः N. of Rudra. -कोशः a moiety of one's treasure. -कौडविक a. measuring half a kuḍava. -खारम्, -री a kind of measure, half a Khāri; P.V.4.11. -गङ्गा N. of the river Kāverī; (स्नानादौ गङ्गास्नानार्धफलदायिनी); so ˚जाह्नवी -गर्भ a. Ved. 1 in the middle of the womb; सप्तार्धगर्भा भुवनस्य रेतो Rv. 1.164.36. -2 N. of the rays of the Sun. -गुच्छः a necklace of 24 strings. -गुञ्जा half a gunja. -गोलः a hemisphere. -चक्रवर्तिन्, -चक्रिन् m. N. of the nine black Vasudevas and the nine enemies of Viṣṇu. -चन्द्र a. crescent-shaped. (-न्द्रः) 1 the half moon, crescent moon; सार्धचन्द्रं बिभर्ति यः Ku.6.75. -2 the semicircular marks on a peacock's tail. -3 an arrow with a crescent-shaped head; अर्धचन्द्रमुखैर्बाणैश्चिच्छेद कदलीसुखम् R.12.96. cf. अर्धचन्द्रस्तदाकारे बाणे बर्हे शिखण्डिनः Nm. -4 crescent-shaped nail-print. -5 the hand bent into a semicircle, as for the purpose of seizing or clutching anything; ˚न्द्र दा to seize by the neck and turn out; दीयतामेतस्यार्धचन्द्रः Pt.1. (-द्रा) N. of a plant (कर्णस्फोट). -चन्द्राकार, -चन्द्राकृति a. half-moonshaped. -चन्द्रकम् A semi-circular pearl. Kau. (-रः, -ति f.) meniscus. -चन्द्रिका N. of a climbing plant. (Mar. तिळवण). -चित्र a. Half-transparent; A kind of marble; अर्धाङ्गदृश्यमानं च तदर्धचित्रमिति स्मृतम् Māna.51.1. -चोलकः a short bodice. -जरतीयन्यायः a kind of न्याय, न चेदानीमर्धजरतीयं लभ्यं वृद्धिर्मे भविष्यति स्वरो नेति MBh.4.1. 78. See under न्याय. -जीविका, -ज्या The sine of an arc. -तनुः f. half the body. -तिक्तः N. of a plant (नेपालनिम्ब Mar. चिराईत). -तूरः a kind of musical instrument. -दिनम्, दिवसः 1 half a day, mid-day. -2 a day of 12 hours. -देवः 1 demi-god. इन्द्रं न वृत्रतुरमर्धदेवम् Rv. 4.42.8-9. -2 Ved. being near the gods; (देवानां समीपे बर्तमानः Sāy.). -द्रौणिक a. measuring a half droṇa. -धारः a knife or lancet with a single edge (one of the 2 surgical instruments mentioned by Suśruta). -नाराचः a crescent-shaped iron-pointed arrow; नाराचानर्धनाराचाञ्शस्त्राणि विविधानि च Mbh.2.51.35; गृध-
लक्षवेधी अर्धनाराचः V.5. -नारायणः a form of Viṣṇu. -नारीशः, -नारीश्वरः, -नारी, -नटेश्वरः a form of Śiva, (half male and half female) cf.... पतिरपि जगता- मर्धनारीश्वरो$भूत् Sūkti.5.99. -नावम् half a boat. -निशा midnight. -पञ्चम a. Four and half; युक्तश्छन्दांस्य- धीयीत मासान्विप्रो$र्धपञ्चमान् Ms.4.95. -पञ्चशत् f. twenty five Ms.8.268. -पणः a measure containing half paṇa Ms.8.44. -पथम् half way. (-पथे) midway भृतिमर्ध- पथे सर्वान्प्रदाप्य Y.2.198. -पादः half a pāda or foot; अर्धपादं किष्कुविष्कम्भमुद्धृत्य Dk.19. -पादा The plant भूम्यामलकी (Mar. भूईआवळी). -पादिक a. having half a foot; सद्यः कार्यो$र्धपादिकः Ms.8.325. -पाञ्चालिक a. born or produced in the ardhapanchāla. -पारावतः a kind of pigeon (अर्धेनाङ्गेन पारावत इव). The francolin partridge. -पुलायितः a half gallop, canter; चित्रं चकार पदमर्धपुलायितेन Śi.5.1. -प्रहर half a watch, one hour and a half. -प्राणम् A kind of joinery resembling the shape of a bisected heart; मूलाग्रे कीलकं युक्तमर्धप्राणमिति स्मृतम् । Māna.17.99. -भागः a half, half a share or part; तदर्धभागेन लभस्व काङ्क्षितम् Ku.5.5; R.7.45. -भागिक a. sharing a half; मृते पितरि कुर्युस्तं भ्रातरस्त्वर्धभागिकम्म् Y.2.134. -भाज् a. sharing entitled to a half; अर्धभाग्रक्षणाद्राजा Ms.8.39. -2 a companion, sharer; देवानामर्धभागासि Av.6.86.3. -भास्करः mid-day. -भेदः Hemiplegia (अर्धाङ्गवायुः); Suś. -भोटिका a kind of cake. -भ्रमः -मकः a kind of artificial composition; for instances see Ki.15.27; Śi.19.72. The Sar. K. describes it as a figure of speech thus :-- आहुरर्धभ्रमं नाम श्लोकार्धभ्रमणं यदि. -मागधी N. of a dialect in which many of Jaina Canonical books are written. It is so named perhaps because many of the characteristics of Māgadhi are found in it. -माणवकः, -माणवः a necklace of 12 strings (माणवक consisting of 24.) -मात्रा 1 half a (short) syllable. अर्धमात्रालाघवेन पुत्रोत्सवं मन्यन्ते वैयाकरणाः Pari Sik. -2 a term for a consonant (व्यञ्जनं चार्धमात्रकम्). -मार्गे ind. mid-way; बन्दीकृता विबुधशत्रुभिरर्धमार्गे V.1.3. -मासः half a month, a fortnight. -मासतम = ˚मासिक see P.V.2.57. -मासिक a. 1 happening every fortnight. -2 lasting for a fortnight; ये$र्धमासाश्च च मासाश्च Mahānārā. 25. Y.2.177. -मुष्टिः f. a half-clenched hand. -यामः half a watch. -रथः [अर्धः असंपूर्णः रथः रथी] a warrior who fights on a car with another (who is not so skilled as a रथी); रणे रणे$भिमानी च विमुखश्चापि दृश्यते । घृणी कर्णः प्रमादी च तेन मे$र्धरथो मतः Mb. -रात्रः [अर्ध रात्रेः] 1 midnight; अथार्धरात्रे स्तिमितप्रदीपे R.16.4; स्थिते$र्धरात्रे Dk.19. -2 a night containing half a whole day of 24 hours. -रात्रार्धदिवसः equinox. -लभ्मीहरिः Hari having a form half like Lakṣmī. -विसर्गः, -विसर्ज- नीयः the Visarga sound before क्, ख्, प्, and फ्, so called because its sign () is the half of a Visarga (). -वीक्षणम् a side-look, glance, leer. -वृद्ध a. middle-aged. -वृद्धिः The half of the interest or rent; Ms.8.15. -वैनाशिकः N. of the followers of Kaṇāda (arguing half perishableness). -वैशसम् half or incomplete murder; विधिना कृतमर्धवैशसं ननु मां कामवधे विमुञ्चता Ku.4.31. -व्यासः the radius of a circle. -शतम् 1 fifty. -2 One hundred and fifty; Ms.8.267. -शनम् [अर्धमशनस्य शकन्ध्वा˚] half a meal. -शफरः a kind of fish. -शब्द a. having a low voice. -शेष a. having only a half left. -श्याम a. half clouded. -श्लोकः half a śloka or verse. -सम a. equal to a half. (-मम्) N. of a class of metres in which the 1st and 3rd and 2nd and 4th lines have the same syllables and Gaṇas; such as पुष्पिताग्रा. -सस्य a. half the crops, half grown. -सहः An owl. -सीरिन् m. 1 a cultivator, ploughman who takes half the crop for his labour; शूद्रेषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्धसीरिणः Y.1.166. -2 = अर्धिक q. v. -हर, -हारिन् a. occupying the half (of the body); Ku.1.5; एको रागिषु राजते प्रियतमादेहार्ध- हारी हरः Bh.3.121. -हारः a necklace of 64 strings. A half chain, a kind of ornament; नक्षत्रमालामपि चार्धहारं सुवर्णसूत्रं परितः स्तनाभ्याम् Māna.5.297-98. cf. also Kau. A.2.11. -ह्रस्वः half a (short) syllable.
अर्धर्चः चम् Half a verse, hemistich; अर्धर्चेन चाक्लृ- पुर्विश्वमेजत् Av.9.1.19; अर्धर्चाः पुंसि च P.II.4.31. ˚आदिगणः a class of words either m. or n..
अतिवर्धनम् Excessive growth, increase, adding to, increasing; एतत्खलु व्यजनानिलैरति (भि) वर्धनं प्रभञ्जनस्य यदस्म- द्विधैः परिबोधनमार्यस्य K.289; cf. "Carrying coals to New Castle", or "To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, ...or with taper-light the eye of Heaven to garnish is wasteful and ridiculous excess".
अध्यर्ध a. [अधिकमर्धं यस्य] Having an additional half; अध्यर्धयोजनं गत्वा सरय्वा दक्षिणे तटे Rām.1.22.11; Bṛ. Up.3.9.1. एकाधिकं हरेज्जयेष्ठः पुत्रो$ध्यर्धं ततो$नुजः Ms.9.117; शतमध्यर्धमायता Mb., i. e. 15; ˚योजनशतात् Pt. 2.18. (in comp. with a following noun) Amounting to or worth one and a half; ˚कंस amounting to one and a half Kaṁsa; so ˚काकिणीक, कार्षापण-णिक, ˚खारीक, ˚पण्य, ˚पाद्य, ˚प्रतिक, ˚भाष्य, ˚विंशतिकीन, ˚शत-त्य, ˚श-शा-तमान, ˚शाण, ˚शाण्य, ˚शूर्प, ˚सहस्र, ˚सौवर्ण &c. (P.V.1.28-35.). -र्धः Wind (यदस्मिन् इदं सर्वं अध्यार्ध्नोत् अधिकमवर्धयत् तेन अध्यर्धः पवनः इति स्थितम् Bṛ. Up.).
अभ्यर्ध a. Ved. 1 Being on this side. -2 Near. -3 Increasing. -र्धम् Nearness. -Comp. -यज्वन् m. granting gifts, increasing the sacrificer's prosperity; सिषक्ति पूषा अभ्यर्धयज्वा Rv.6.5.5.
वर्धक a. [वृध्-णिच् ण्वुल्] 1 Increasing. -2 Cutting, dividing. -3 Filling. -कः 1 A carpenter. -2 N. of a tree (Mar. भारंग).
वर्धकिः vardhakiḥ वर्धकिन् vardhakin
वर्धकिः वर्धकिन् m. A carpenter; पुनरपि धृता कुन्दे किंवा न वर्धकिना दिवः N.19.54; Rām.1.13,7;7.91.24; त्रिदशानां च वर्धकिः (विश्वकर्मा) Mb.1.66.28; वर्धकिहस्तः a carpenter's measure of 42 inches.
वर्धन a. [वृध्-णिच् ल्यु ल्युट् वा] 1 Increasing, growing. -2 Causing to increase, enlarging, magnifying. -नः A bestower of prosperity. -2 A tooth growing over another tooth. -3 N. of Śiva. -नी 1 A broom. -2 A bier. -3 A water-jar of a particular shape. -नम् 1 Growing, thriving. -2 Growth, increase, prosperity, magnifying, enlargement. -4 Elevation. -5 Exhilaration (of spirits), animation. -6 Educating, rearing. -7 Cutting, dividing; as in नाभिवर्धनम्; प्राङ्नाभिवर्धनात् पुंसो जातकर्म विधीयते Mb.3.18.34; annihilation; ततो राजन् महानासीत् संग्रामो भूरिवर्धनः Mb.7.153.44. -8 A means of strengthening. restorative. -9 Filling.
वर्धमान a. [वृध्-शानच्] Growing, increasing. -नः 1 The castor-oil plant. -2 A kind of riddle. -3 N. of Viṣṇu. -4 N. of a district (said to be the same as the modern Baradvāna). -5 Sweet citron. -6 A particular way of joining hands. -7 A particular attitude in dancing. -8 N. of the 24th Arhat of Jina. -9 N. of the elephant who supports the eastern quarter. -नः, -नम् 1 A pot or dish of a particular shape; स्वस्तिकान्
वर्धमानांश्च नन्द्यावर्तांश्च काञ्चनान् Mb.7.82.2; lid. -2 A kind of mystical diagram. -3 A palace or temple built in the form of the above diagram. -4 A house having no door on the south side. -ना N. of a district (the modern Baradvāna). -Comp. -गृहम् a pleasure house (क्रीडागृह); Rām.2.17.18. -पुरम् the city of Baradvāna.
वर्धमानकः 1 A kind of dish or pot, lid or cover; भ्रमयत्युचितं विदर्भजानननीराजनवर्धमानकम् N.2.2; Mb.14. 65.15. -2 N. of a class of persons who dance with lamps on their heads, hands etc.; नट-नर्तक-गन्धर्वैः पूर्णकैर्वर्ध- मानकैः Mb.7.57.4 (com. वर्धमानकैः आरात्रिकहस्तैः).
m. half-moon; ar row with half-moon-shaped head; hollowed hand: -m dâ, seize by the throat; -ka, m. bent hand; -bhâgin, a. seized by the throat; -mu kha, a. having a half-moon-shaped point.
m. half a pana; -patha, m. half-way; -pâda, m. tip of the foot; -pâd ika, a. having half a foot; -pîta, pp. half-drunk; -pulâyita, n. kind of gait in the horse; -bri galá, n. half a piece; -bhakshita, pp. half eaten; -bhagna, pp. half-broken; -bhâgika, a. receiving half a portion; -bhâg, a. receiv ing the half; -mâgadhî, f. semi-Mâgadhî (dialect); -mârga, m. half-way; -mâsá, m. half a month; -mâsika, a.lasting half a month; -mîlita, pp. half-closed; -mukulî kri, half close (eyes); -mundita, pp. having the head half shaved.
n. 50; 150; -syâma, a. half black, half clouded over; -sruta, pp. half heard; -sloka, m. half sloka; -samgâta-sas ya, a. whose produce is but half grown; -sa ma-vritta, n. semi-identical metre (Pâda 1= 3, 2=4); -siddha, pp. half-completed; -sî rin, m. husbandman who receives half the produce for his labour; -hâra, m. pearl necklace of 64 strings.
a. pl. twelve & a half; -dagdha, pp. half-burnt; -danda, m. fine of half the amount; -divasa, m. midday; -devá, m. demi-god; -dvi-katur-asraka, m. kind of posture; -nish-panna,a. half com pleted.
pr. pt. Â. (√ 1. vridh) growing, etc.; m. N. of a mountain and dis trict, now Burdwan; N. of a village; N.: â, f. N. of a form of the Gâyatrî metre: (a)-ka, m. N.; (a)-pura, n. N. of atown, Burdwan: î-ya, a. belonging to Burdwan.
a. (î) growing, increas ing, prospering, getting richer; causing in crease, strength, or prosperity, augmenting (in C. very often --°ree;); gladdening (gnly. --°ree;); m. increaser, bestower of prosperity; n. growth, increase, prosperity; increase of power; augmentation, elevation; educating, rearing; refreshment, comfort (RV.).
Is the name in the Jaiminīya Upanisad Brāhmana of Vaipaścita Dārdhajayanti Gupta Lauhitya. All the three other names being patronymics show that he was descended from the families of Vipaścit, Drdhajayanta, and Lohita.
‘Ten,’ forms the basis of the numerical system of the Vedic Indians, as it does of the Aryan people generally. But it is characteristic of India that there should be found at a very early period long series of names for very high numerals, whereas the Aryan knowledge did not go beyond 1,000. In the Vājasaneyi Samhitā the list is 1 ; 10; 100; 1,000 ; ιο,οοο {ayuta) \ ιοο,οοο (ηiyuta); ι,οοο,οοο(prayuta); 10,000,000 {arbuda); 100,000,000 (ηyarbuda)', 1,000,000,000 (samudra); 10,000,000,000 (madhya); ιοο,οοο,οοο,οοο (aηta); 1,000,000,000,000 {parārdha). In the Kāthaka Samhitā the list is the same, but ηiyuta and prayuta exchange places, and after ηyarbuda a new figure (badva) intervenes, thus increasing samudra to ιο,οοο,οοο,οοο, and so on. The Taittirīya Samhitā has in two places exactly the same list as the Vājasaneyi Samhitā. The Maitrāyanī Samhitā has the list ayuta, prayuta, then ayuta again, arbuda, ηyarbuda, samudra, madhya, aηta, parārdha. The Pañcavimśa Brāhmana has the Vājasaneyi list up to ηyarbuda inclusive, then follow ηikharvaka, badva, aksita, and apparently go = ι,οοο,οοο,οοο,οοο. The Jaiminīya Upanisad Brāhmana list replaces nikharvaka by nikharva, badva by padma, and ends with aksitir vyomāntah. The śāñkhāyana śrauta Sūtra con¬tinues the series after nyarbuda with nikharvāda, samudra, salila, antya, ananta (=10 billions).But beyond ayuta none of these numbers has any vitality. Badva, indeed, occurs in the Aitareya Brāhmana, but it cannot there have any precise numerical sense j and later on the names of these high numerals are very much confused. An arithmetical progression of some interest is found in the Pañcavimśa Brāhmana, where occurs a list of sacrificial gifts in which each successive figure doubles the amount of the preceding one. It begins with dvādaśa-mānam hiranyam, * gold to the value of 12 ’ (the unit being uncertain, but probably the Krsnala18), followed by ‘to the value of 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1,536, 3072/ then dve astāvimśati-śata-māne, which must mean 2 x 128 X 24 (the last unit being not a single māna, but a number of 24 mānas) = 6,144, then 12,288, 24,576, 49,152, 98,304, 196,608, 393,216. With these large numbers may be compared the minute theoretical subdivision of time found in the śatapatha Brāhmana, where a day is divided into 15 muhūrtas—1 muhūrta =15 ksipras, 1 ksipra =15 etarhis, I etarhi = 15 idānis, 1 idāni =15 prānas. The śāñkhāyana śrauta Sūtra15 has a decimal division of the day into 15 muhūrtas—• i muhūrta = 10 nimesas, 1 nimesa = 10 dhvamsis. Few fractions are mentioned in Vedic literature. Ardha, pāda, śapha, and kalā denote J, J, TV respectively, but only the first two are common. Trtīya denotes the third part.16 In the Rigveda Indra and Visnu are said to have divided ι,οοο by 3, though how they did so is uncertain. Tri-pād denotes 4 three-fourths.’ There is no clear evidence that the Indians of the Vedic period had any knowledge of numerical figures, though it is perfectly possible.
Denotes a 'month' a period of time repeatedly mentioned in the Rigveda and lateṛ The Characteristic days (or rather nights) of the month were those of new moon, Amā-vasya, 'home-staying (night),' and 'of the full moon,' Paurṇa-māsi. Two hymns of the Atharvveda celebrate these days respectively. A personification of the phases of the moon is seen in the four names Sinīvālī the day before new moon; Kuhū also called Guṅgū, the new moon day;Anumati, the day before full moon; and Rākā, the day of new mooṇ The importance of the new and full moon days respectively. One special day in the month, the Ekāṣṭakā, or eighth day after full moon, was importanṭ In the Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa there stated to be in the year twelve such, mentioned between the twelve days of full moon and twelve days of new moon. But one Ekāṣṭakā is referred to in the Yajurveda Saṃhitas and elsewhere as of quite special importance. This was, in the accordant opinion of most comentators, the eighth day after the full moon of Magha. It marked the end of the year, or the begining of the new year. Though the Kauṣītaki Brāmaṇa places places the winter solstice in the new moon of Māgha, the latter date probably means the new moon preceding full moon in Māgha, not the new moon following full moon; but it is perhaps possible to account adequately for the importance of the Ekāstakā as being the first Aṣṭakā after the beginning of the new year. It is not certain exactly how the month was reckoned, whether from the day after new moon to new moon—the system known as amānta, or from the day after full moon to full moon—the pūr- nimānta system, which later, at any rate, was followed in North India, while the other system prevailed in the south. Jacobi argues that the year began in the full moon of Phālguna, and that only by the full moon’s conjunction with the Nakṣatra could the month be known. Oldenberg12 points to the fact that the new moon is far more distinctively an epoch than the full moon; that the Greek, Roman, and Jewish years began with the new moon; and that the Vedic evidence is the division of the month into the former (j>ūrva) and latter (apara) halves, the first being the bright (śukla), the second the dark (krsna) period. Thibaut considers that to assume the existence of the pīirnimānta system for the Veda is unnecessary, though possible. Weber assumes that it occurs in the Kausītaki Brāhmaṇa as held by the scholiasts. But it would probably be a mistake to press that passage, or to assume that the amānta system was rigidly accepted in the Veda: it seems at least as probable that the month was vaguely regarded as beginning with the new moon day, so that new moon preceded full moon, which was in the middle, not the end or. the beginning of the month. That a month regularly had 30 days is established by the conclusive evidence of numerous passages in which the year is given 12 months and 360 days. This month is known from the earliest records, being both referred to directly and alluded to. It is the regular month of the Brāhmaṇas, and must be regarded as the month which the Vedic Indian recognized. No other month is mentioned as such in• the Brāhmaṇa literature ; it is only in the Sūtras that months of different length occur. The Sāmaveda Sūtras10 refer to (i) years with 324 days—i.e., periodic years with 12 months of 27 days each; (2) years with 351 days—i.e., periodic years with 12 months of 27 days each, plus another month of 27 days; (3) years with 354 days—i.e., 6 months of 30 days, and 6 with 29 days, in other words, lunar synodic years; (4) years with 360 days, or ordinary civil (sāvana) years; (5) years with 378 days, which, as Thibaut clearly shows, are third years, in which, after two years of 360 days each, 18 days were added to bring about correspondence between the civil year and the solar year of 366 days. But even the Sāmasūtras do not mention the year of 366 days, which is first known to the Jyotiṣa and to Garga. That the Vedic period was acquainted with the year of 354 days cannot be affirmed with certainty. Zimmer, indeed, thinks that it is proved by the fact that pregnancy is estimated at ten months, or sometimes a year. But Weber may be right in holding that the month is the periodic month of 27 days, for the period is otherwise too long if a year is taken. On the other hand, the period of ten months quite well suits the period of gestation, if birth takes place in the tenth month, so that in this sense the month of 30 days may well be meant. The year of 12 months of 30 days each being admittedly quite unscientific, Zimmer23 is strongly of opinion that it was only used with a recognition of the fact that intercalation took place, and that the year formed part of a greater complex, normally the five year Yuga or cycle. This system is well known from the Jyotiṣa: it consists of 62 months of 29£4 days each = 1,830 days (two of these months being intercalary, one in the middle and one at the end), or 61 months of 30 days, or 60 months of 30^ days, the unit being clearly a solar year of 366 days. It is not an ideal system, since the year is too long; but it is one which cannot be claimed even for the Brāhmaṇa period, during which no decision as to the true length of the year seems to have been arrived at. The references to it seen by Zimmer in the Rigveda are not even reasonably plausible, while the pañcaka yuga, cited by him from the Pañcavimśa Brāhmaṇa, occurs only in a quotation in a commentary, and has no authority for the text itself. On the other hand, there was undoubtedly some attempt to bring the year of 360 days—a synodic lunar year—roughly into connexion with reality. A Sāmasūtra27 treats it as a solar year, stating that the sun perambulates each Naxatra in days, while others again evidently interpolated 18 days every third year, in order to arrive at some equality. But Vedic literature, from the Rigveda downwards,29 teems with the assertion of the difficulty of ascertaining the month. The length is variously given as 30 days, 35 days,31 or 36 days. The last number possibly indicates an intercalation after six years (6x6 = 36, or for ritual purposes 35), but for this we have no special evidence. There are many references to the year having 12 or 13 months. The names of the months are, curiously enough, not at all ancient. The sacrificial texts of the Yajurveda give them in their clearest form where the Agnicayana, ‘building of the fire-altar,’ is described. These names are the following: (1) Madhu, (2) Mādhava (spring months, vāsantikāv rtū); (3) Sukra, (4) Suci (summer months, graismāv rtū); (5) Nabha (or Nabhas), (6) Nabhasya (rainy months, vārsikāv rtū); (7) Iṣa, (8) ūrja (autumn months, śāradāυ rtū); (9) Saha (or Sahas),35 (10) Sahasya (winter months, haimantikāυ rtū); (II) Tapa (or Tapas),35 (12) Tapasya (cool months, śaiśirāv rtū). There are similar lists in the descriptions of the Soma sacrifice and of the horse sacrifice, all of them agreeing in essentials. There are other lists of still more fanciful names, but these have no claim at all to represent actual divisions in popular use. It is doubtful if the list given above is more than a matter of priestly invention. Weber points out that Madhu and Mādhava later appear as names of spring, and that these two are mentioned in the Taittirīya Aranyaka as if actually employed; but the evidence is very inadequate to show that the other names of the months given in the list were in ordinary use. In some of these lists the intercalary month is mentioned. The name given to it in the Vājasaneyi Samhitā is Amhasas- pati, while that given in the Taittirīya and Maitrāyaṇī Sarphitās is Sarpsarpa. The Kāthaka Sarphitā gives it the name of Malimluca, which also occurs elsewhere, along with Samsarpa, in one of the lists of fanciful names. The Atharvaveda describes it as sanisrasa, ‘slipping,’ owing no doubt to its unstable condition. The other method of naming the months is from the Nakçatras. It is only beginning to be used in the Brāhmaṇas, but is found regularly in the Epic and later. The Jyotisa mentions that Māgha and Tapa were identical: this is the fair interpretation of the passage, which also involves the identifica¬tion of Madhu with Caitra, a result corresponding with the view frequently found in the Brāhmanas, that the full moon in Citrā, and not that in Phalgunī, is the beginning of the year. In the śatapatha Brāhmaṇa are found two curious expressions, yava and ayava, for the light and dark halves of the month, which is clearly considered to begin with the light half. Possibly the words are derived, as Eggling thinks, from yu, ‘ ward off,’ with reference to evil spirits. The word Parvan (‘ joint ’ = division of time) probably denotes a half of the month, perhaps already in the Rigveda. More precisely the first half, the time of the waxing light, is called pūrva-paksa, the second, that of the waning light, apara-paka. Either of these might be called a half-month (ardha-ināsa).
‘Descendant of Lohita,’ is the patronymic of a large number of teachers in the Jaiminlya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa, which clearly must have been the special object of study of the Lauhitya family. See Kpçṇadatta, Kpçṇarāta, Jayaka, Tri- veda Kyçṇarāta, Dakṣa Jayanta, Palligupta, Mitrabhūti, Yaśasvin Jayanta, Vipaácit Dpdhajayanta, Vaipaścita Dārdhajayanti, Vaipaścita Dārdhajayanti Dpdhajayanta, śyā- majayanta, śyāmasujayanta, Satyaáravas. A Lauhitya or Lauhikya is also mentioned as a teacher in the śāñkhāyana Araṇyaka. The form of name (Jayanta) affected by the family, and the silence of the older texts, proves that they were modern.
('Descendant of Vipaścit') Dārdha-jayanti ('descendant of Dr Hιajayanta') Gupta Lauhitya (‘ descendant of Lohita ’) is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Vaipaácita Dārdhajayanti Drdhajayanta Lauhitya, in a Vamśa (list of teachers) of the Jaiminiya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa (iii. 42, 1).
(‘Descendant of Vipaścit ’) Dārdhajayanti (‘descendant of Drdhajayanta’) Drdhajayanta Lauhitya (‘descendant of Lohita’) is the name of a teacher, a pupil of Vipaścit Drdhajayanta Lauhitya, in a Vamśa (list of teachers) of the Jaiminiya Upaniṣad Brāhmaṇa.
Is found in several passages of the Rigveda and later in the sense of ‘troop.’ In one passage of the Rigveda the troops of the Maruts are referred to by three different terms—śardha, vrāta, and gana. From this fact Zimmer has deduced that a Vedic host fought according to clan (Viś), village (Grāma), and family, but this conclusion is hardly warranted, there being nothing to show that there is any intention to present a distinct series of divisions. It is not probable that the word ever has the technical sense of ‘guild,’ as Roth6 thinks. Cf. Vrātapati.
noun (masculine) country (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
part (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
place (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
region (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
side (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (masculine) an arrow the head of which is like a half-moon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
half-moon
name of a constellation (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of the Anusvāra (from its being written in the older Mss. in a semilunar form) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the hand bent into a semicircle or the shape of a claw (as for the purpose of seizing anybody by the neck) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the semi circular marks on a peacock's tail (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the semicircular scratch of the finger nail (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 10 parasmaipada) to increase (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to render prosperous (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to strengthen (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (masculine neuter) ūna-dhara (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a celebrated hill in Vṛndāvana near Mathurā (lifted up and supported by Kṛṣṇa upon one finger for 7 days to shelter the cowherds from a storm of rain sent by Indra to test Kṛṣṇa's divinity) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a holy fig-tree in the country of the Bāhīkas (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of one of the 5 Śrutakevalins (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of the author of Govardhanasaptaśatī (of the 12th or 13th century) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (masculine) (in music) a kind of measure (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a particular form of temple (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
friend (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a brother of Mahāvīra (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a prince (son of Udāvasu) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a son of Ajaya (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a son of Janaka (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a son of Rājaka (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a son of Udayāśva (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a town (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of Śiva (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
son (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the day of full moon or of new moon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the end of a half-month (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) augmenting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
breeding (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
increasing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
multiplying (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
rearing (as of cattle) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 10 ātmanepada) to augment (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to bring up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to delight (with gen.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to rear (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to rejoice (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 10 parasmaipada) to augment (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to bring up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cause to thrive (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to cherish (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to exalt (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to extend (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to increase (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to raise (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to rear (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
to strengthen (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (masculine) name of Viṣṇu (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the 4th month (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
[rel.] name of Śiva Frequency rank 37493/72933
noun (masculine) (in music) a kind of measure (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a granter of increase (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a tooth growing over another tooth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
bestower of prosperity (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a people (?)
name of a son of Kṛṣṇa and Mitravindā (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of one of Skanda's attendants (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of Śiva (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (feminine) a broom (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a means of strengthening (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a water-jar of a particular shape (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
brush (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
comfort (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
educating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
enlarging magnifying (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
growth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
increase (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
promoting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
prosperity (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
rearing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
restorative (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
strengthening (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
success (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the act of increasing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
adjective (mostly ifc.) animating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
(often ifc.) causing to increase (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
exhilarating (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
gladdening (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
granting prosperity (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
growing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
increasing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
strengthening (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
thriving (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) a kind of metre (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a particular kind of medical treatment in which grains of pepper are given in increasing and decreasing quantity (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the town of Bardwān Frequency rank 25303/72933
noun (masculine neuter) (architec.) a kind of assembly
a dish or platter of a particular shape (sometimes used as a lid or cover for water-jars etc.) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a house having no entrance on the south side (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a kind of mystical figure or diagram (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a kind of round window Frequency rank 25304/72933
noun (masculine) a kind of riddle or charade (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a particular attitude in dancing (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a particular way of joining the hands (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a Grāma (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a merchant
name of a mountain and district (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a people (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a son of Upadevī
name of the elephant who supports the eastern quarter (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of the last of the 24 Arhats or Jinas (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of Viṣṇu (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of various authors and other men (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
Ricinus communis Linn. (so called sweet citron) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (feminine) a species of Gāyatrī metre (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of the town of Bardwaln (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
the sweet citron Frequency rank 39095/72933
noun (neuter) name of a particular kind of medical treatment in which grains of pepper are given in increasing and decreasing quantity (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (masculine neuter) a dish or saucer of a particular shape (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
a particular way of joining the hands (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
lid or cover (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a class of persons following a particular trade (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a district or of a people (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a serpent-demon (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of various men (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
verb (class 10 ātmanepada) to augment
to be joyful
to bring up
to cause to increase or grow
to cause to prosper or thrive
to cherish
to elevate
to enjoy
to exalt
to foster
to further
to gladden
to glorify (esp. the gods)
to heighten
to increase
to magnify
to make joyful
to make larger or longer
to promote
to raise to power
to rear
to strengthen
to take delight in Frequency rank 2218/72933
noun (masculine) a kind of musical composition (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a man (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of a poet (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
name of Śiva (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
noun (neuter) a means for causing growth (as of the hair) (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
causing to thrive (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
complete growth (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
festering (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
furthering (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
growing up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
īāṅgṣ (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
promoting (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
prospering (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
rearing up (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
thriving (Monier-Williams, Sir M. (1988))
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